Intake of salt and sugar in grade five learners at underprivileged schools in Port Elizabeth compared to the intake at underprivileged schools in Johannesburg
- Authors: Straub, Alycia
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Children -- Nutrition -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Children -- Nutrition -- South Africa -- Johannesburg , Hypertension , Obesity in children
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33261 , vital:32614
- Description: The literature clearly indicates that excessive amounts of salt and sugar, compared to the recommended amounts, are consumed by young children, leading to the earlier presentation of lifestyle diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertension (Lichtenstein et al., 2006; Grimes et al., 2013). The problem to address is that there is insufficient information available on the intake of sugar and salt in South African children, and more specifically in the Johannesburg and Port Elizabeth areas; this information is necessary to determine which prevention strategies should be developed. The aim of this study was to determine the current intake of salt and sugar of grade five learners at a sample of quintile three schools in Johannesburg and Port Elizabeth and to investigate whether there was a relationship between the sugar and salt intake and the BMI (kg/m2) and blood pressure (mmHg) of these learners. A baseline exploratory, quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study design was used. A non-random, convenient sampling method was used with a sample size of 220 consenting learners of Johannesburg and 350 of Port Elizabeth. A semi-quantitative adapted food frequency questionnaire was used to determine the current intake of salt and sugar in the learners. The data was analysed using the SPSS version 22 programme. Ethical clearance was obtained from the relevant bodies. The results were as follows: no significant differences were found between the frequency of consumption of any of the food items that were chosen to represent salt and sugar intake and blood pressure and BMI within either Johannesburg or Port Elizabeth. Therefore, no associations between salt and sugar intake and blood pressure and BMI were found within either area. When comparing the learners of Johannesburg with those in Port Elizabeth a few significant differences were found; mostly showing a weak association. However, there was a moderate association for sugar in tea/ coffee between the underweight and overweight/obese learners of Johannesburg compared to Port Elizabeth. Preferences, peer influence and food culture are suggested reasons for this significant difference. Recommendations of the study were the South African Food-based Dietary Guidelines “Use salt and foods high in salt sparingly” and “Use food and drinks that contain sugar sparingly and not between meals” should continue to be encouraged.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Straub, Alycia
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Children -- Nutrition -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Children -- Nutrition -- South Africa -- Johannesburg , Hypertension , Obesity in children
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33261 , vital:32614
- Description: The literature clearly indicates that excessive amounts of salt and sugar, compared to the recommended amounts, are consumed by young children, leading to the earlier presentation of lifestyle diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertension (Lichtenstein et al., 2006; Grimes et al., 2013). The problem to address is that there is insufficient information available on the intake of sugar and salt in South African children, and more specifically in the Johannesburg and Port Elizabeth areas; this information is necessary to determine which prevention strategies should be developed. The aim of this study was to determine the current intake of salt and sugar of grade five learners at a sample of quintile three schools in Johannesburg and Port Elizabeth and to investigate whether there was a relationship between the sugar and salt intake and the BMI (kg/m2) and blood pressure (mmHg) of these learners. A baseline exploratory, quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study design was used. A non-random, convenient sampling method was used with a sample size of 220 consenting learners of Johannesburg and 350 of Port Elizabeth. A semi-quantitative adapted food frequency questionnaire was used to determine the current intake of salt and sugar in the learners. The data was analysed using the SPSS version 22 programme. Ethical clearance was obtained from the relevant bodies. The results were as follows: no significant differences were found between the frequency of consumption of any of the food items that were chosen to represent salt and sugar intake and blood pressure and BMI within either Johannesburg or Port Elizabeth. Therefore, no associations between salt and sugar intake and blood pressure and BMI were found within either area. When comparing the learners of Johannesburg with those in Port Elizabeth a few significant differences were found; mostly showing a weak association. However, there was a moderate association for sugar in tea/ coffee between the underweight and overweight/obese learners of Johannesburg compared to Port Elizabeth. Preferences, peer influence and food culture are suggested reasons for this significant difference. Recommendations of the study were the South African Food-based Dietary Guidelines “Use salt and foods high in salt sparingly” and “Use food and drinks that contain sugar sparingly and not between meals” should continue to be encouraged.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Adolescent mothers’ breastfeeding experiences in Nelson Mandela Bay health district
- Authors: Fordjour Afriyie, Vera
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Breastfeeding -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Children -- Nutrition -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Teenage mothers -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13879 , vital:27316
- Description: Rationale: There is limited research available in South Africa that explores the breastfeeding experience among adolescent mothers; most of the studies were conducted in developed countries. One such study relating to the above mentioned developed countries stated that social and commitment factors influence the decision to breastfeed by adolescents. Furthermore, while adolescent mothers appreciate the benefits of breastfeeding, pain, public exposure and perceived complexities related to breastfeeding create barriers for them. The researcher was unable to ascertain if similar ambiguities exist among adolescent mothers in South Africa, and in the Eastern Cape (EC) in particular with its high rates of adolescent pregnancy. In order to attempt to develop age appropriate recommendations to assist adolescent mothers with their breastfeeding journey, the researcher undertook this research study to answer the following question: What are the breastfeeding experiences of adolescent mothers in the Nelson Mandela Bay Heath District (NMBHD)? Aim: The research aim was to determine the experiences of adolescent mothers regarding breastfeeding in NMBHD. Methods: The study implemented a qualitative research approach. To enhance the design, the researcher utilised an explorative, descriptive and contextual research design. The ethical principles that guided this study were autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice. Fourteen adolescent mothers, attending PHC facilities in the NMBHD participated in the study. Participants were chosen from a purposive sampling technique and data were collected from semi-structured interviews, compromising of individual interviews. The researcher analysed the data using the using the eight steps of the Tesch analysis technique. Data was also analysed by an independent coder. Results obtained from the Tesch approach were compared to that of the independent coder results. Thereafter, the major themes and sub-themes that related to the study objectives were identified. Results: Three themes and 10 sub-themes were identified. Lack of knowledge and poor adherence to EBF, perceived breastmilk insufficiency, as well as incorrect infant feeding advice given by maternal mothers and grandmothers were associated with early introduction of complementary feeding. Most participants were motivated to breastfeed due to its economic and bonding benefits, as well as seeing their infant‟s progress in growth. Challenges of breastfeeding mentioned by the participants include: lack of support from the fathers of their infants and from health care providers, breast milk leakage, and the foul smell associated with the leaking of breast milk. The participants of the study also had suggestions to help improve the support given to adolescent mothers by health care providers in PHC facilities. Conclusions and recommendations: In conclusion, this study‟s findings revealed that adolescent mothers may need extra age appropriate education and support to assist them in breastfeeding successfully at PHC facilities, the community and schools. Maternal mothers and grandmothers were found to be the primary source of a support network for most adolescent mothers as opposed to health care providers who were categorised as being the secondary source of support. Thus, breastfeeding promotion tailored at maternal mothers and grandmothers would be beneficial in improving their knowledge about the recommended infant feeding practices and consequently aid in providing appropriate support and advice to adolescent mothers. Additionally, training and attitude modification of health care providers is needed to provide adolescent mothers with age-appropriate, effective and sensitive care and counselling.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Fordjour Afriyie, Vera
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Breastfeeding -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Children -- Nutrition -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Teenage mothers -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13879 , vital:27316
- Description: Rationale: There is limited research available in South Africa that explores the breastfeeding experience among adolescent mothers; most of the studies were conducted in developed countries. One such study relating to the above mentioned developed countries stated that social and commitment factors influence the decision to breastfeed by adolescents. Furthermore, while adolescent mothers appreciate the benefits of breastfeeding, pain, public exposure and perceived complexities related to breastfeeding create barriers for them. The researcher was unable to ascertain if similar ambiguities exist among adolescent mothers in South Africa, and in the Eastern Cape (EC) in particular with its high rates of adolescent pregnancy. In order to attempt to develop age appropriate recommendations to assist adolescent mothers with their breastfeeding journey, the researcher undertook this research study to answer the following question: What are the breastfeeding experiences of adolescent mothers in the Nelson Mandela Bay Heath District (NMBHD)? Aim: The research aim was to determine the experiences of adolescent mothers regarding breastfeeding in NMBHD. Methods: The study implemented a qualitative research approach. To enhance the design, the researcher utilised an explorative, descriptive and contextual research design. The ethical principles that guided this study were autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice. Fourteen adolescent mothers, attending PHC facilities in the NMBHD participated in the study. Participants were chosen from a purposive sampling technique and data were collected from semi-structured interviews, compromising of individual interviews. The researcher analysed the data using the using the eight steps of the Tesch analysis technique. Data was also analysed by an independent coder. Results obtained from the Tesch approach were compared to that of the independent coder results. Thereafter, the major themes and sub-themes that related to the study objectives were identified. Results: Three themes and 10 sub-themes were identified. Lack of knowledge and poor adherence to EBF, perceived breastmilk insufficiency, as well as incorrect infant feeding advice given by maternal mothers and grandmothers were associated with early introduction of complementary feeding. Most participants were motivated to breastfeed due to its economic and bonding benefits, as well as seeing their infant‟s progress in growth. Challenges of breastfeeding mentioned by the participants include: lack of support from the fathers of their infants and from health care providers, breast milk leakage, and the foul smell associated with the leaking of breast milk. The participants of the study also had suggestions to help improve the support given to adolescent mothers by health care providers in PHC facilities. Conclusions and recommendations: In conclusion, this study‟s findings revealed that adolescent mothers may need extra age appropriate education and support to assist them in breastfeeding successfully at PHC facilities, the community and schools. Maternal mothers and grandmothers were found to be the primary source of a support network for most adolescent mothers as opposed to health care providers who were categorised as being the secondary source of support. Thus, breastfeeding promotion tailored at maternal mothers and grandmothers would be beneficial in improving their knowledge about the recommended infant feeding practices and consequently aid in providing appropriate support and advice to adolescent mothers. Additionally, training and attitude modification of health care providers is needed to provide adolescent mothers with age-appropriate, effective and sensitive care and counselling.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
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