Diaspora in Dialogue: An Ontology of Diasporic Subjectivity in the Work of Three Artists Living In-Between South Africa and Zimbabwe
- Nyoni, Vulindlela Philani Elliott
- Authors: Nyoni, Vulindlela Philani Elliott
- Date: 2024-04
- Subjects: Foreign workers -- South Africa , South Africa -- Social conditions , South Africa -- Emigration and immigration
- Language: English
- Type: Doctorate , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/62366 , vital:72615
- Description: As a Zimbabwean artist and educator, living and working in South Africa, my daily experience is that of an “in-between” diasporic subjectivity, which is compounded by the discourses around the uneasy reintegration of post-apartheid South Africa into Africa. This context gives rise to the core philosophical aim of this thesis, which is to explore the notion of “diasporic subjectivities” as a philosophical approach to understanding what it means to be in a complex contemporary reality. The notion of diasporic subjectivities works in the same way as that of “queer subjectivities”, which has been used to understand not just gay people but all people. “Diaspora” names people who have moved, migrated, or been scattered away from an established or ancestral homeland, but retain some sense of belonging to this homeland. From an African perspective, I problematise the concept of an established homeland and the settled subjectivities that belong to it, in contrast to which only the diaspora remains in an uncomfortable state of in-betweenness. Instead, I explore a contention among both European and African existentialist philosophers that the condition of not being at home is the fundamental human condition out of which a home must be created. This would mean that the groundlessness, liminality or in-betweenness of being is experienced not just by the diaspora but by all humans. However, importantly, I find that sociocultural differences due to the history of colonialism gives rise to different experiences of homelessness and the groundlessness of being. This makes a distinction necessary, but to avoid the pitfalls of tying this distinction to geographical locations such as Western versus Non-Western or Global North and Global South, I will refer instead to spaces, practices and even individuals, in which there are “mindsets of entitlement” versus “mindsets of disentitlement”. The former refers to the mindset of ownership characteristic of the settled and developed. The latter refers to the mindset of many who feel a sense of unbelonging, due to disenfranchisement and forced disembodiment and dislocation. I have aimed to support the thesis that the groundlessness, liminality or in-betweenness of being is experienced not just by the diaspora but by all humans, in two ways. Firstly, I consider in detail through various means (narratives, personal reflection, investigation of philosophical texts, dialogues), the philosophical concepts of “belonging”, “home” and “nostalgia” as component aspects of an ontology of diasporic subjectivity. In the second part of this study, I engage in an interpretative process, as outlined by Hans-Georg Gadamer, whereby I use this ontology to help me dialogue with artworks produced by three Zimbabwean artists, Ronald Muchatuta, Gerald Machona, and myself (Vulindlela Nyoni), who share the diasporic condition of being Zimbabweans living in-between Zimbabwe and South Africa. The ontology of diasporic subjectivity developed in the first part offers a language with which to dialogue with the artworks or question the way in which the complexities of belonging, home and nostalgia are expressed in the works, while the works in turn help deepen an understanding of diasporic subjectivity. Both philosophies and artworks may function as transformative, practical tools for seeking wisdom, cultivating self-awareness, developing moral character, and living a reflective and examined life. The combination of personal narratives and self-reflexive, philosophical dialogues regarding artworks and art making and its exigencies holds the potential to produce deeper philosophical insights into the fundamentally diasporic human condition. This kind of hybrid research at the interface between philosophy and artistic praxis is accessible to a broad-based audience. It is therefore better able to undo malicious stereotypical associations between émigrés and malignant tropes of societal decay on the African continent and to validate the contributions made by African diaspora to the decolonial project, than neatly distanced academic reflections, which reduce the philosophical impact of transnational migration to measurable motivations and statistics. , Thesis (D.Phil) -- Faculty of Humanities, School of Social Scinces, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04
- Authors: Nyoni, Vulindlela Philani Elliott
- Date: 2024-04
- Subjects: Foreign workers -- South Africa , South Africa -- Social conditions , South Africa -- Emigration and immigration
- Language: English
- Type: Doctorate , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/62366 , vital:72615
- Description: As a Zimbabwean artist and educator, living and working in South Africa, my daily experience is that of an “in-between” diasporic subjectivity, which is compounded by the discourses around the uneasy reintegration of post-apartheid South Africa into Africa. This context gives rise to the core philosophical aim of this thesis, which is to explore the notion of “diasporic subjectivities” as a philosophical approach to understanding what it means to be in a complex contemporary reality. The notion of diasporic subjectivities works in the same way as that of “queer subjectivities”, which has been used to understand not just gay people but all people. “Diaspora” names people who have moved, migrated, or been scattered away from an established or ancestral homeland, but retain some sense of belonging to this homeland. From an African perspective, I problematise the concept of an established homeland and the settled subjectivities that belong to it, in contrast to which only the diaspora remains in an uncomfortable state of in-betweenness. Instead, I explore a contention among both European and African existentialist philosophers that the condition of not being at home is the fundamental human condition out of which a home must be created. This would mean that the groundlessness, liminality or in-betweenness of being is experienced not just by the diaspora but by all humans. However, importantly, I find that sociocultural differences due to the history of colonialism gives rise to different experiences of homelessness and the groundlessness of being. This makes a distinction necessary, but to avoid the pitfalls of tying this distinction to geographical locations such as Western versus Non-Western or Global North and Global South, I will refer instead to spaces, practices and even individuals, in which there are “mindsets of entitlement” versus “mindsets of disentitlement”. The former refers to the mindset of ownership characteristic of the settled and developed. The latter refers to the mindset of many who feel a sense of unbelonging, due to disenfranchisement and forced disembodiment and dislocation. I have aimed to support the thesis that the groundlessness, liminality or in-betweenness of being is experienced not just by the diaspora but by all humans, in two ways. Firstly, I consider in detail through various means (narratives, personal reflection, investigation of philosophical texts, dialogues), the philosophical concepts of “belonging”, “home” and “nostalgia” as component aspects of an ontology of diasporic subjectivity. In the second part of this study, I engage in an interpretative process, as outlined by Hans-Georg Gadamer, whereby I use this ontology to help me dialogue with artworks produced by three Zimbabwean artists, Ronald Muchatuta, Gerald Machona, and myself (Vulindlela Nyoni), who share the diasporic condition of being Zimbabweans living in-between Zimbabwe and South Africa. The ontology of diasporic subjectivity developed in the first part offers a language with which to dialogue with the artworks or question the way in which the complexities of belonging, home and nostalgia are expressed in the works, while the works in turn help deepen an understanding of diasporic subjectivity. Both philosophies and artworks may function as transformative, practical tools for seeking wisdom, cultivating self-awareness, developing moral character, and living a reflective and examined life. The combination of personal narratives and self-reflexive, philosophical dialogues regarding artworks and art making and its exigencies holds the potential to produce deeper philosophical insights into the fundamentally diasporic human condition. This kind of hybrid research at the interface between philosophy and artistic praxis is accessible to a broad-based audience. It is therefore better able to undo malicious stereotypical associations between émigrés and malignant tropes of societal decay on the African continent and to validate the contributions made by African diaspora to the decolonial project, than neatly distanced academic reflections, which reduce the philosophical impact of transnational migration to measurable motivations and statistics. , Thesis (D.Phil) -- Faculty of Humanities, School of Social Scinces, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04
The impact of Basel III higher capital and liquidity requirements on the profitability of South African banks
- Authors: Mdandalaza, Zuko Ludwig
- Date: 2024-04
- Subjects: Corporations -- Finance -- South Africa , Corporate governance -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Banks and banking -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctorate , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/62355 , vital:72614
- Description: This study employs a robust quantitative research design meticulously tailored to investigate the nuanced impact of Basel III capital and liquidity requirements on the profitability of South African banks. The data collection process is anchored in a rigorous approach, driven by the acquisition and meticulous review of financial statements sourced from a carefully curated sample of South Africa’s banks. Ensuring the sample’s representativeness is of paramount importance for bolstering the study’s findings. To this end, a purposive sampling technique, distinguished for its deliberate selection methodology, was applied judiciously. This method yielded the selection of 10 banks, chosen carefully to encapsulate a cross-section of the South African banking landscape, so enhancing the research’s validity and robustness. The analysis of this intricate dataset is underpinned by advanced statistical techniques, with regression analysis the principal analytical tool. Specifically, the study harnesses the Arellano-Bond generalised method of moments (GMM), a sophisticated yet versatile statistical methodology appropriate for disentangling complex relationships in longitudinal data. This analytical approach is perfectly suited to trace the nuanced interactions between Basel III’s capital and liquidity requirements and the profitability trajectories of South African banks. Spanning a 12- year timeframe, 2010 to 2022, this study attempts to encapsulate the evolution of the banking landscape in the wake of Basel III’s implementation. This extensive temporal scope enables the research to capture both short-term fluctuations and long-term trends, enriching its insights and lending depth to the analysis. The first objective of this study was to unravel the intricate web of macro-specific and bank-specific factors influencing the profitability of banks in South Africa. Net interest margin (NIM), a pivotal metric reflecting bank profitability and efficiency, was central to the investigation. Empirical insights gleaned from the analysis revealed several key determinants of NIM for South African banks. Notably, NIM displayed a high degree of persistence over time. This suggests that South African banks do not adjust swiftly to changes in market conditions, emphasising the importance for bank managers of considering the long-term repercussions of their decisions on interest, income and expenses. The results also illuminated a set of critical variables closely linked to NIM. These include credit loss, non-interest income, market concentration, stability (Z-score) and inflation. These variables collectively underscored the banks’ ability to navigate the multi-faceted landscape of risks and uncertainties in the banking sector, including credit risk, operational risk, market risk and inflationrisk. The positive relationship between these variables and NIM indicated the banks’ adeptness at passing on costs and risks to customers through higher interest rates or fees, all while leveraging their market power and diversification strategies. Conversely, a negative and significant association emerged between NIM and bank size, GDP per capita, private credit and the repo rate. These variables underscored the competitive pressure and macroeconomic dynamics influencing the demand for and supply of credit in the banking sector. In this context, the negative relationship suggested that larger banks, those operating in more developed and competitive markets, and those encountering lower policy rates, tend to exhibit lower NIM. These banks, due to heightened competition and lower demand for credit, face diminished interest income and narrower margins. Notably, variables like cost-to-income ratio, funding structure and loan-to-deposit ratio did not emerge as significant in explaining NIM for South African banks. This implies that these variables exert a relatively weaker influence on the profitability and efficiency of South African banks, or that their effects are subsumed by other variables in the model. The second objective examined the effect of higher capital buffers on bank profitability. Empirical findings revealed a negative yet statistically insignificant co-efficient for the CET1 variable in the regression analysis. This observation indicated that there is no substantial relationship between Basel III Tier 1 capital ratio (CET1) and bank profitability, as measured by NIM, among South African banks. This suggests that Basel III capital requirements do not have a significant influence on the profitability and efficiency of these banks, or their effect varies depending on other bank-specific or macroeconomic variables. The third objective focused on the effect of Basel III liquidity regulations, epitomised by the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR), on bank profitability in South Africa. Empirical results revealed a negative but statistically insignificant relationship between LCR and NIM. This observation indicates that Basel III liquidity regulations exert no discernible effect on the net interest income of South African banks. This finding could be attributed to the fact that South African banks had already fortified their liquidity positions prior to Basel III implementation, adhering to stringent regulatory requirements and prudent liquidity management practices. As a result, the introduction of LCR did not pose a significant alteration or constraint on the liquidity standing and profitability of South African banks. It also implies that other factors, like market conditions, funding structures or asset compositions, play more pivotal roles than the LCR in shaping the profitability of South African banks. These factors may influence the net interest spread, cost of funds or risk-adjusted returns of these banks. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, School of Economics, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04
- Authors: Mdandalaza, Zuko Ludwig
- Date: 2024-04
- Subjects: Corporations -- Finance -- South Africa , Corporate governance -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Banks and banking -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctorate , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/62355 , vital:72614
- Description: This study employs a robust quantitative research design meticulously tailored to investigate the nuanced impact of Basel III capital and liquidity requirements on the profitability of South African banks. The data collection process is anchored in a rigorous approach, driven by the acquisition and meticulous review of financial statements sourced from a carefully curated sample of South Africa’s banks. Ensuring the sample’s representativeness is of paramount importance for bolstering the study’s findings. To this end, a purposive sampling technique, distinguished for its deliberate selection methodology, was applied judiciously. This method yielded the selection of 10 banks, chosen carefully to encapsulate a cross-section of the South African banking landscape, so enhancing the research’s validity and robustness. The analysis of this intricate dataset is underpinned by advanced statistical techniques, with regression analysis the principal analytical tool. Specifically, the study harnesses the Arellano-Bond generalised method of moments (GMM), a sophisticated yet versatile statistical methodology appropriate for disentangling complex relationships in longitudinal data. This analytical approach is perfectly suited to trace the nuanced interactions between Basel III’s capital and liquidity requirements and the profitability trajectories of South African banks. Spanning a 12- year timeframe, 2010 to 2022, this study attempts to encapsulate the evolution of the banking landscape in the wake of Basel III’s implementation. This extensive temporal scope enables the research to capture both short-term fluctuations and long-term trends, enriching its insights and lending depth to the analysis. The first objective of this study was to unravel the intricate web of macro-specific and bank-specific factors influencing the profitability of banks in South Africa. Net interest margin (NIM), a pivotal metric reflecting bank profitability and efficiency, was central to the investigation. Empirical insights gleaned from the analysis revealed several key determinants of NIM for South African banks. Notably, NIM displayed a high degree of persistence over time. This suggests that South African banks do not adjust swiftly to changes in market conditions, emphasising the importance for bank managers of considering the long-term repercussions of their decisions on interest, income and expenses. The results also illuminated a set of critical variables closely linked to NIM. These include credit loss, non-interest income, market concentration, stability (Z-score) and inflation. These variables collectively underscored the banks’ ability to navigate the multi-faceted landscape of risks and uncertainties in the banking sector, including credit risk, operational risk, market risk and inflationrisk. The positive relationship between these variables and NIM indicated the banks’ adeptness at passing on costs and risks to customers through higher interest rates or fees, all while leveraging their market power and diversification strategies. Conversely, a negative and significant association emerged between NIM and bank size, GDP per capita, private credit and the repo rate. These variables underscored the competitive pressure and macroeconomic dynamics influencing the demand for and supply of credit in the banking sector. In this context, the negative relationship suggested that larger banks, those operating in more developed and competitive markets, and those encountering lower policy rates, tend to exhibit lower NIM. These banks, due to heightened competition and lower demand for credit, face diminished interest income and narrower margins. Notably, variables like cost-to-income ratio, funding structure and loan-to-deposit ratio did not emerge as significant in explaining NIM for South African banks. This implies that these variables exert a relatively weaker influence on the profitability and efficiency of South African banks, or that their effects are subsumed by other variables in the model. The second objective examined the effect of higher capital buffers on bank profitability. Empirical findings revealed a negative yet statistically insignificant co-efficient for the CET1 variable in the regression analysis. This observation indicated that there is no substantial relationship between Basel III Tier 1 capital ratio (CET1) and bank profitability, as measured by NIM, among South African banks. This suggests that Basel III capital requirements do not have a significant influence on the profitability and efficiency of these banks, or their effect varies depending on other bank-specific or macroeconomic variables. The third objective focused on the effect of Basel III liquidity regulations, epitomised by the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR), on bank profitability in South Africa. Empirical results revealed a negative but statistically insignificant relationship between LCR and NIM. This observation indicates that Basel III liquidity regulations exert no discernible effect on the net interest income of South African banks. This finding could be attributed to the fact that South African banks had already fortified their liquidity positions prior to Basel III implementation, adhering to stringent regulatory requirements and prudent liquidity management practices. As a result, the introduction of LCR did not pose a significant alteration or constraint on the liquidity standing and profitability of South African banks. It also implies that other factors, like market conditions, funding structures or asset compositions, play more pivotal roles than the LCR in shaping the profitability of South African banks. These factors may influence the net interest spread, cost of funds or risk-adjusted returns of these banks. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, School of Economics, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-04
Simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education
- Authors: Rall, Nadine
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Midwifery -- Study and teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctorate , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43013 , vital:36724
- Description: Increased rates of maternal and perinatal deaths remain a challenge in many countries. According to the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths report maternal deaths in South Africa are also related to avoidable factors that could be among other reasons, because of poor performance by midwives. Since such poor performance is further associated with the different forms of clinical practice being taught by nurse educators in midwifery education at different nursing Education Institutions. Thus a revised common clinical teaching methodology, in the form of strategies, utilized in all the training nursing education institutions of final-year undergraduate midwifery students is needed. It would have an impact on how well midwifery students are uniformly prepared for role-taking in clinical practice. The overarching aim of the study was to develop strategies to facilitate simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education. The objectives for this study were to:•explore and describe the perceptions of midwifery students with regard to their preparation for role-taking in clinical practice;•explore and describe the perceptions of nurse educators with regard to simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education;•provide a literature context with regard to simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education, and•develop strategies to facilitate simulation as a teaching methodology for midwifery education. The study followed a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research approach design, applying Kolb’s theory (1984) of experiential learning as the paradigm in four phases. In Phase one, the researcher collected data from two groups of participants using semi-structured one-on-one and focus group voice recorded interviews. Focus group interviews were arranged with 27final-year undergraduate midwifery students(Group 1) and individual interviews were conducted with 12 nurse educators (Group 2) in midwifery education and were inclusive of those in the pilot study. viThe participants were purposefully selected across three provinces of South Africa in four nursing Education Institutionsusing set inclusion criteria. Data analysis was done using Saldaña’s (2009) method of content analysis. The researcher and an independent coder analysed and coded the data independently from each other and concurrently for both groups of participants. From the results, three main themes and eight sub-themes emerged. Theme One combined the experiences of both groups and highlighted their experience of simulation as being beneficial. Theme Two addressed the barriers encountered by the participants of both groups when the simulation was used as a teaching methodology. Theme Three addressed the various recommendations that were suggested by both groups of participants on how to strengthen simulation as a teaching methodology. In Phase Two, a contextual description was provided about simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education through the use of related literature. The contextual description included the macro-, meso-and micro-environments as related to the use of simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education. In Phase Three, following contextual description of the concept of simulation as a teaching methodology the main concept of the study had to be identified and served as a foundation for strategies. The research themes became foundational content for the conceptual framework which was developed using the principles of Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach (1968) as a guide towards the needed strategies for the study. Lastly, in Phase Four three strategies were developed for the facilitation of simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education. The three main strategies developed were as follows:•mobilise resources, to facilitate the implementation of simulation in midwifery education;•create an environment conducive to supporting simulation education; and •design a relevant midwifery programme that accommodates simulation within the clinical module. The developed strategies will assist nurse educators to be better prepared to implement midwifery simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education. The three principles of research ethics according to The Belmont Report namely, respect for human dignity, beneficence and justice were adhered to throughout the study. Trustworthiness was ensured according to the four principles indicated by Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) Model of Trustworthiness which included credibility, dependability, transferability and neutrality.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Rall, Nadine
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Midwifery -- Study and teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctorate , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43013 , vital:36724
- Description: Increased rates of maternal and perinatal deaths remain a challenge in many countries. According to the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths report maternal deaths in South Africa are also related to avoidable factors that could be among other reasons, because of poor performance by midwives. Since such poor performance is further associated with the different forms of clinical practice being taught by nurse educators in midwifery education at different nursing Education Institutions. Thus a revised common clinical teaching methodology, in the form of strategies, utilized in all the training nursing education institutions of final-year undergraduate midwifery students is needed. It would have an impact on how well midwifery students are uniformly prepared for role-taking in clinical practice. The overarching aim of the study was to develop strategies to facilitate simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education. The objectives for this study were to:•explore and describe the perceptions of midwifery students with regard to their preparation for role-taking in clinical practice;•explore and describe the perceptions of nurse educators with regard to simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education;•provide a literature context with regard to simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education, and•develop strategies to facilitate simulation as a teaching methodology for midwifery education. The study followed a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research approach design, applying Kolb’s theory (1984) of experiential learning as the paradigm in four phases. In Phase one, the researcher collected data from two groups of participants using semi-structured one-on-one and focus group voice recorded interviews. Focus group interviews were arranged with 27final-year undergraduate midwifery students(Group 1) and individual interviews were conducted with 12 nurse educators (Group 2) in midwifery education and were inclusive of those in the pilot study. viThe participants were purposefully selected across three provinces of South Africa in four nursing Education Institutionsusing set inclusion criteria. Data analysis was done using Saldaña’s (2009) method of content analysis. The researcher and an independent coder analysed and coded the data independently from each other and concurrently for both groups of participants. From the results, three main themes and eight sub-themes emerged. Theme One combined the experiences of both groups and highlighted their experience of simulation as being beneficial. Theme Two addressed the barriers encountered by the participants of both groups when the simulation was used as a teaching methodology. Theme Three addressed the various recommendations that were suggested by both groups of participants on how to strengthen simulation as a teaching methodology. In Phase Two, a contextual description was provided about simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education through the use of related literature. The contextual description included the macro-, meso-and micro-environments as related to the use of simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education. In Phase Three, following contextual description of the concept of simulation as a teaching methodology the main concept of the study had to be identified and served as a foundation for strategies. The research themes became foundational content for the conceptual framework which was developed using the principles of Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach (1968) as a guide towards the needed strategies for the study. Lastly, in Phase Four three strategies were developed for the facilitation of simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education. The three main strategies developed were as follows:•mobilise resources, to facilitate the implementation of simulation in midwifery education;•create an environment conducive to supporting simulation education; and •design a relevant midwifery programme that accommodates simulation within the clinical module. The developed strategies will assist nurse educators to be better prepared to implement midwifery simulation as a teaching methodology in midwifery education. The three principles of research ethics according to The Belmont Report namely, respect for human dignity, beneficence and justice were adhered to throughout the study. Trustworthiness was ensured according to the four principles indicated by Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) Model of Trustworthiness which included credibility, dependability, transferability and neutrality.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The mangroves of Mozambique: pathways to conservation through integrated management
- Macamo, Célia, Bandeira, Salomão
- Authors: Macamo, Célia , Bandeira, Salomão
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Mangrove ecology -- Mozambique , Mangrove conservation -- Mozambique
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctorate , Dphil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30843 , vital:31182
- Description: This study analyses the status and management of mangroves in Mozambique and how the management system addresses the threats to mangrove conservation. A comprehensive analysis of the country forest condition and management status was conducted based on a literature review and informal interviews with key informants. GIS and remote sensing techniques combined with groundtruthing were used to assess the impact of natural and human threats on mangroves based on changes in NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) and cover area. These studies were conducted at the Save River and Cabo Delgado province, respectively. Structural data of the mangrove forest were collected during field visits to assess changes in structural parameters and compare impacts in different forests or locations within the same forest. Finally a community-based management system in Nhangau (Sofala province) was analysed in order to assess the efficacy as a management tool to meet mangrove conservation objectives. Mozambique has an estimated mangrove cover area of 3 054 km2. In general there is a trend of decrease in cover around major human settlements, while remote areas show an increase in cover as documented in Maputo Bay (175.96 km2, decreasing within Maputo town) and Zambezi Delta (370.34 km2, increasing), respectively. Mangroves are mostly used for wood resources, salt production and fishing grounds. However, urban development, saltpans, logging and natural phenomena such as floods and cyclones are a threat to these systems. Mozambique has 27% of its mangroves protected in conservation areas. At places like the Quirimbas National Park, this protection is not effective due to illegal cutting and poor enforcement. The Mozambican institutional and legal frameworks provide protection to mangroves at all levels and prohibit all forms of degradation and unsustainable use. However law enforcement and institutional functioning is weak. There is also a need to update the legislation by adding specific aspects related to mangroves, such as regulating invertebrate collection and defining customary use. At the Save River changes in NDVI indicated that 63.42 km2 of mangrove (47.8%) were affected by cyclone Eline. Field investigations 11 years after the cyclone showed that there was substantial recovery in the protected creek forest but changes in sedimentation prevented recovery in the seaward sites that are exposed to storm surges and wind. This study highlighted the necessity for field based investigations in addition to remote sensing as results showed site specific differences. The percentage of living trees at the creek forest ranged from 71 to 97% from the outer to inner forest. Also species density was higher at the creek sites from the outer (101 ± 63 tree/ha) to inner forest (488 ± 111 trees/ha) as was the complexity index (0.09 to 0.25 respectively). At the seaward forest the percentage of living trees increased from 0 to 79% from the outer to inner forest. Seedlings (up to 40 cm height) dominated the understory throughout the forest however the outer edge of the seaward forest had no regeneration at all. This forest recovered naturally from the cyclone, however it is important to maintain low exploitation levels to ensure forest resilience in case of similar future impacts. The frequency and intensity of cyclones is expected to increase with climate change and thus the results can contribute to management strategies and climate change adaptation plans. 3 Human impacts were investigated at a peri-urban, rural and island setting in Cabo Delgado province. It was hypothesized that peri-urban forests would be more impacted. However an analysis of LandSat images showed that mangrove cover at the peri-urban site actually increased by 22.7% between 1991 and 2013; while rural forests lost 23.2% of its area during the same period. Field studies showed that there was no significant difference between average tree density for the different sites (p= 0.16) and the low complexity indices indicated young disturbed forests. At the peri-urban and rural sites, the tree diameter class 5.1-8 cm was targeted for extraction, while at the rural island all size classes were targeted. The proportion of stump:living trees was 1:11 at the peri-urban site; 1:9 at the rural site and 1:4 at the rural island. Most of the standing trees were crooked and not suitable for building purposes. The small extractive use of mangroves at the peri-urban site could be related to the fact that the dominant ethnic group has kept its essentially agricultural habits while at the rural site the people are typically fishermen and marine invertebrate collectors that rely on mangroves and marine resources for their livelihoods. Proposed management measures for these sites include raising awareness at all sites and conducting mangrove restoration at the peri-urban (abandoned saltpans and aquaculture farm) and rural sites. A community-based management system at Nhangau (Sofala province) was analysed in order to assess how this has achieved management conservation objectives. After facing several impacts due to mangrove degradation, the community of Nhangau engaged in mangrove replanting and management. The main management actions were (1) reduction of extractive uses, (2) continuous awareness and mangrove planting and (3) law enforcement. The restoration interventions started in the late 1990s by the local government in partnership with the local community and NGOs. Currently (2018), most of the activities are led by the local Natural Resources Management Committee (NRMC). Ten hectares of mangrove were planted between 1996 and 2017, and according to the local community the restored areas are already providing important ecological services such as temperature regulation. There are several challenges such as, limited functionality of the NRMC and its interaction with other stakeholders, Government representatives and local NGOs. There is also a lack of alternative livelihoods for mangrove cutters and the wider Nhangau community. Improvements to the system include better integration of local government representative structures with the civil society organizations (NGO and NRMC), law enforcement, financing of the appropriate sustainable use practices, environmental awareness and education and the promotion of appropriate NRMC functionality and representation. With these improvements this community-based management system can be effective as a management tool to meet mangrove conservation objectives and serve as a replicable model for other parts of the country. In conclusion, this research has documented both anthropogenic and climate-related impacts on mangroves in Mozambique and highlighted options for mangrove management focusing at strengthening the community –based management of mangroves in rural sites. Mangrove management would improve significantly by strengthening the legislation on specific mangrove issues combined with law enforcement and better community organization and their training and sensitization to manage mangrove resources at the local level. Such actions will increase the resilience of forests, allowing sustainable use and faster recovery in case of impacts by either anthropogenic or natural factors such as cyclones.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Macamo, Célia , Bandeira, Salomão
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Mangrove ecology -- Mozambique , Mangrove conservation -- Mozambique
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctorate , Dphil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30843 , vital:31182
- Description: This study analyses the status and management of mangroves in Mozambique and how the management system addresses the threats to mangrove conservation. A comprehensive analysis of the country forest condition and management status was conducted based on a literature review and informal interviews with key informants. GIS and remote sensing techniques combined with groundtruthing were used to assess the impact of natural and human threats on mangroves based on changes in NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) and cover area. These studies were conducted at the Save River and Cabo Delgado province, respectively. Structural data of the mangrove forest were collected during field visits to assess changes in structural parameters and compare impacts in different forests or locations within the same forest. Finally a community-based management system in Nhangau (Sofala province) was analysed in order to assess the efficacy as a management tool to meet mangrove conservation objectives. Mozambique has an estimated mangrove cover area of 3 054 km2. In general there is a trend of decrease in cover around major human settlements, while remote areas show an increase in cover as documented in Maputo Bay (175.96 km2, decreasing within Maputo town) and Zambezi Delta (370.34 km2, increasing), respectively. Mangroves are mostly used for wood resources, salt production and fishing grounds. However, urban development, saltpans, logging and natural phenomena such as floods and cyclones are a threat to these systems. Mozambique has 27% of its mangroves protected in conservation areas. At places like the Quirimbas National Park, this protection is not effective due to illegal cutting and poor enforcement. The Mozambican institutional and legal frameworks provide protection to mangroves at all levels and prohibit all forms of degradation and unsustainable use. However law enforcement and institutional functioning is weak. There is also a need to update the legislation by adding specific aspects related to mangroves, such as regulating invertebrate collection and defining customary use. At the Save River changes in NDVI indicated that 63.42 km2 of mangrove (47.8%) were affected by cyclone Eline. Field investigations 11 years after the cyclone showed that there was substantial recovery in the protected creek forest but changes in sedimentation prevented recovery in the seaward sites that are exposed to storm surges and wind. This study highlighted the necessity for field based investigations in addition to remote sensing as results showed site specific differences. The percentage of living trees at the creek forest ranged from 71 to 97% from the outer to inner forest. Also species density was higher at the creek sites from the outer (101 ± 63 tree/ha) to inner forest (488 ± 111 trees/ha) as was the complexity index (0.09 to 0.25 respectively). At the seaward forest the percentage of living trees increased from 0 to 79% from the outer to inner forest. Seedlings (up to 40 cm height) dominated the understory throughout the forest however the outer edge of the seaward forest had no regeneration at all. This forest recovered naturally from the cyclone, however it is important to maintain low exploitation levels to ensure forest resilience in case of similar future impacts. The frequency and intensity of cyclones is expected to increase with climate change and thus the results can contribute to management strategies and climate change adaptation plans. 3 Human impacts were investigated at a peri-urban, rural and island setting in Cabo Delgado province. It was hypothesized that peri-urban forests would be more impacted. However an analysis of LandSat images showed that mangrove cover at the peri-urban site actually increased by 22.7% between 1991 and 2013; while rural forests lost 23.2% of its area during the same period. Field studies showed that there was no significant difference between average tree density for the different sites (p= 0.16) and the low complexity indices indicated young disturbed forests. At the peri-urban and rural sites, the tree diameter class 5.1-8 cm was targeted for extraction, while at the rural island all size classes were targeted. The proportion of stump:living trees was 1:11 at the peri-urban site; 1:9 at the rural site and 1:4 at the rural island. Most of the standing trees were crooked and not suitable for building purposes. The small extractive use of mangroves at the peri-urban site could be related to the fact that the dominant ethnic group has kept its essentially agricultural habits while at the rural site the people are typically fishermen and marine invertebrate collectors that rely on mangroves and marine resources for their livelihoods. Proposed management measures for these sites include raising awareness at all sites and conducting mangrove restoration at the peri-urban (abandoned saltpans and aquaculture farm) and rural sites. A community-based management system at Nhangau (Sofala province) was analysed in order to assess how this has achieved management conservation objectives. After facing several impacts due to mangrove degradation, the community of Nhangau engaged in mangrove replanting and management. The main management actions were (1) reduction of extractive uses, (2) continuous awareness and mangrove planting and (3) law enforcement. The restoration interventions started in the late 1990s by the local government in partnership with the local community and NGOs. Currently (2018), most of the activities are led by the local Natural Resources Management Committee (NRMC). Ten hectares of mangrove were planted between 1996 and 2017, and according to the local community the restored areas are already providing important ecological services such as temperature regulation. There are several challenges such as, limited functionality of the NRMC and its interaction with other stakeholders, Government representatives and local NGOs. There is also a lack of alternative livelihoods for mangrove cutters and the wider Nhangau community. Improvements to the system include better integration of local government representative structures with the civil society organizations (NGO and NRMC), law enforcement, financing of the appropriate sustainable use practices, environmental awareness and education and the promotion of appropriate NRMC functionality and representation. With these improvements this community-based management system can be effective as a management tool to meet mangrove conservation objectives and serve as a replicable model for other parts of the country. In conclusion, this research has documented both anthropogenic and climate-related impacts on mangroves in Mozambique and highlighted options for mangrove management focusing at strengthening the community –based management of mangroves in rural sites. Mangrove management would improve significantly by strengthening the legislation on specific mangrove issues combined with law enforcement and better community organization and their training and sensitization to manage mangrove resources at the local level. Such actions will increase the resilience of forests, allowing sustainable use and faster recovery in case of impacts by either anthropogenic or natural factors such as cyclones.
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- Date Issued: 2018
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