Long-term trends in fish length-at-age, catch-at-length and condition of the Namibian and South African commercially exploited species
- Authors: Iyambo, Elago Martha
- Date: 2022-10-14
- Subjects: Fishery management South Africa , Fishery management Namibia , Fishes Growth , Fisheries Fishing effort , Climatic changes , Fishes Climatic factors
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/362872 , vital:65370
- Description: Fish growth rate is a flexible trait that can evolve in response to fishing or environmental change. Therefore, knowledge of fish growth rate patterns, long-term and short-term responses to fishing effort and environmental change is important for fisheries management in the Benguela. Historical and current age length keys have been used as indicators of annual fish growth in the Benguela, the growth rate study on Merluccius paradoxus demonstrated long-term changes in growth over three decades as a response to fishing. However, the fish growth rate patterns, in relation to fishing effort and environmental change patterns are still not known for the many commercially important stocks in the Benguela. The specific objectives of the project were to determine the annual variability and long-term trends, in annual mean lengths-at-age, catch-at-length and fish condition of 17 commercially exploited resources, targeted and bycatch in Namibia and South Africa in relation to environmental changes (sea surface temperature). The results showed that there was a significant decrease in mean length at age 7 for Merluccius capensis (Namibian stock), a significant decrease in mean length at ages 3 to 7 for South African M. capensis and a significant increase in mean length at ages 2 to 6 for South African M. paradoxus Fishery-induced evolution may be the reason for the increase in mean length in the early stages of hake. A regime shift was detected in the mean length at age 1 for Etrumeus whiteheadi (South African stock) caused by changes in water temperatures. A decrease in mean length of the catch was observed for Namibian M. capensis and the reason for this could have been the stock being overexploited during the years of the observed trend (1968 to 1987). Historically both the Namibian Lophius vomerinus and Helicolenus dactylopterus were bycatch of the hake fishery, therefore, the decrease in their mean length of the catch may be due to increased bycatch mortalities due to increased hake catches. The improvement in the management measures of the Jasus lalandii fishery and possible favourable oxygen fluctuation might have caused the stock to increase in mean length of the catch between 1977 and 1982. Fish condition showed a significant difference in stocks between years. Fish condition of M. capensis, M. paradoxus and T. capensis were analysed. The rest of the commercial stocks were omitted because there was limited length-weight data. For Namibian M. capensis the spawning season may have caused fish to have the best condition in 1987 and while higher temperatures in 1983 may have led to the worst condition in 1983. Higher prey availability in 1979 for Namibian M. paradoxus could have been the reason for fish with best condition being found in 1979. T. capensis had the highest condition index in 1986 when cooler summer SST prevailed that may have been more favourable for T. capensis to live in. July, September and January SSTs were significantly negatively correlated with the mean length of M. capensis at age 3. This was perhaps due to upwelling intensity and plankton productivity which increases in winter and decreases in summer. A separate study of the impacts of fishery-induced changes and density-dependence on fish growth rate, as well as the effects of other environmental variables is recommended. Since data for some species was outdated, it is suggested to update biological variables and assessment for future work. This study can be used to understand the key life history characteristics of Namibian and South African exploited resources, targeted and bycatch. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10-14
- Authors: Iyambo, Elago Martha
- Date: 2022-10-14
- Subjects: Fishery management South Africa , Fishery management Namibia , Fishes Growth , Fisheries Fishing effort , Climatic changes , Fishes Climatic factors
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/362872 , vital:65370
- Description: Fish growth rate is a flexible trait that can evolve in response to fishing or environmental change. Therefore, knowledge of fish growth rate patterns, long-term and short-term responses to fishing effort and environmental change is important for fisheries management in the Benguela. Historical and current age length keys have been used as indicators of annual fish growth in the Benguela, the growth rate study on Merluccius paradoxus demonstrated long-term changes in growth over three decades as a response to fishing. However, the fish growth rate patterns, in relation to fishing effort and environmental change patterns are still not known for the many commercially important stocks in the Benguela. The specific objectives of the project were to determine the annual variability and long-term trends, in annual mean lengths-at-age, catch-at-length and fish condition of 17 commercially exploited resources, targeted and bycatch in Namibia and South Africa in relation to environmental changes (sea surface temperature). The results showed that there was a significant decrease in mean length at age 7 for Merluccius capensis (Namibian stock), a significant decrease in mean length at ages 3 to 7 for South African M. capensis and a significant increase in mean length at ages 2 to 6 for South African M. paradoxus Fishery-induced evolution may be the reason for the increase in mean length in the early stages of hake. A regime shift was detected in the mean length at age 1 for Etrumeus whiteheadi (South African stock) caused by changes in water temperatures. A decrease in mean length of the catch was observed for Namibian M. capensis and the reason for this could have been the stock being overexploited during the years of the observed trend (1968 to 1987). Historically both the Namibian Lophius vomerinus and Helicolenus dactylopterus were bycatch of the hake fishery, therefore, the decrease in their mean length of the catch may be due to increased bycatch mortalities due to increased hake catches. The improvement in the management measures of the Jasus lalandii fishery and possible favourable oxygen fluctuation might have caused the stock to increase in mean length of the catch between 1977 and 1982. Fish condition showed a significant difference in stocks between years. Fish condition of M. capensis, M. paradoxus and T. capensis were analysed. The rest of the commercial stocks were omitted because there was limited length-weight data. For Namibian M. capensis the spawning season may have caused fish to have the best condition in 1987 and while higher temperatures in 1983 may have led to the worst condition in 1983. Higher prey availability in 1979 for Namibian M. paradoxus could have been the reason for fish with best condition being found in 1979. T. capensis had the highest condition index in 1986 when cooler summer SST prevailed that may have been more favourable for T. capensis to live in. July, September and January SSTs were significantly negatively correlated with the mean length of M. capensis at age 3. This was perhaps due to upwelling intensity and plankton productivity which increases in winter and decreases in summer. A separate study of the impacts of fishery-induced changes and density-dependence on fish growth rate, as well as the effects of other environmental variables is recommended. Since data for some species was outdated, it is suggested to update biological variables and assessment for future work. This study can be used to understand the key life history characteristics of Namibian and South African exploited resources, targeted and bycatch. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10-14
Comparative fish ecology in three periodically connected rivers in the upper Zambezi and Okavango ecoregions
- Authors: Taylor, Geraldine Claire
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Fishes Ecology Zambia Zambezi District , Floodplain ecology Zambia Zambezi District , Stable isotopes , Fishes Food Zambia Zambezi District , Fishes Mortality Zambia Zambezi District , Fish populations Zambia Zambezi District , Fishes Growth
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/65055 , vital:28660 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/65055
- Description: The Upper Zambezi, Kavango and Kwando rivers are three periodically interlinked floodplain rivers which share the same Upper Zambezian floodplain ichthyofauna. The aim of this thesis was to compare the biology and ecology of the fish communities in these three rivers. The objective was to test the hypothesis that fish community composition and assemblage structure, fish diets, food web structure and trophic dynamics, fish growth rates and total mortality are influenced by the differing flood magnitudes of the three rivers, in support of the flood pulse concept. To understand the abiotic characteristics of each river, water temperature, flood regime, total dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations and water quality parameters were measured and compared between rivers. Water temperatures varied seasonally, and seven day moving averages peaked above 30 °C in January, and fell to between 16 and 19 °C in June. The Zambezi River had the largest flood (6.14 m), followed by the Kavango River (3.80 m), while the Kwando River had the smallest flood (0.65 m). Total dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations were low in the Kavango and Zambezi Rivers (0.2 - 0.6 mg/l), and slightly higher in the Kwando River (<1 mg/l). Conductivity, total dissolved solids and total dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations decreased with the flood (dilution effect). Using biomass catch per unit effort data from experimental gillnets, fish community composition and assemblage structure was described, and differed between rivers in all hydrological seasons. In the Zambezi and Kavango rivers, fish assemblages varied with hydrological season as a result of the homogenising influence of the flood pulse, while in the Kwando River fish assemblages did not differ seasonally as flood pulses were small and often irregular. Differences in community composition were attributed to the abundance of Hydrocynus vittatus, a large bodied open water predator, in the Zambezi and Kavango rivers, and its relative absence in the Kwando River. Based on the results of the community composition, six focus species were chosen that were abundant and representative of the various feeding modes and life history strategies of the fish community. These were the striped robber Brycinus lateralis, sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus, blunttooth catfish Clarias ngamensis, African pike Hepsetus cuvieri, silver catfish Schilbe intermedius and purpleface largemouth Serranochromis macrocephalus. Stomach contents analysis was then used to compare the feeding ecology of the six example species between rivers. Clarias gariepinus, C. ngamensis and S. intermedius were piscivorous in the Zambezi and Kavango rivers, and preyed upon more invertebrates in the Kwando River, while Hepsetus cuvieri and S. macrocephalus were piscivorous in all three rivers. Differences in diets were attributed to seasonal prey abundance, with prey fishes abundant during falling and low water when the Zambezi and Kavango rivers were sampled, while invertebrates were abundant during rising and high water when the Kwando River was sampled. Prey mastication by B. lateralis made prey identification difficult. For other predators, the usefulness of stomach contents analysis for dietary descriptions was restricted by the high proportion of empty stomachs. As a result, whole ecosystem stable isotope analysis was used to gain a holistic understanding of the food web structure and fish feeding ecology of the three rivers. The Zambezi and Kavango river food webs were supported by C enriched resources such as C4 and C3 riparian vegetation from the floodplain, while the Kwando River food web was based on C depleted resources such as filamentous algae and aquatic macrophytes. The Zambezi River food web had a restricted nitrogen range, with reduced food chain length and the predators in this river did not occupy such elevated trophic positions compared to in the Kavango and Kwando river food webs. This was attributed to the overfishing of the primary and tertiary consumers in the Zambezi River, a phenomenon known to reduce food chain length. Focussing on predator communities, in the Zambezi and Kavango rivers, H. vittatus isotopic niche width was large and overlapped significantly with most other predators, while in the Kwando River predator niches were more distinct. This supported previously proposed hypotheses by describing H. vittatus as a dominant predator which excludes all other fishes by predation or competition. Despite the dominance of H. vittatus, C. gariepinus occupied the position of top predator in all three rivers, and information on the habitat use, feeding habits and trophic niches of the serranochromine cichlids added understanding of their ecology. Lastly, age was determined using sectioned sagittal otoliths for C. gariepinus, C. ngamensis, S. intermedius and S. macrocephalus and using whole asteriscus otoliths for B. lateralis and H. cuvieri, and growth was modelled using the von Bertalanffy growth equation. Growth performance was high in the Zambezi and Kavango rivers, and lower in the Kwando River, most likely in response to the varying flood magnitudes. Total mortality rates, estimated using Hoenig’s maximum-age based equation, were high in the Zambezi River as a result of the high fishing pressure on this river. Overall floodplain fish ecology in the Zambezi, Kavango and Kwando rivers was influenced by the flood pulse, as was predicted by the flood pulse concept. Periodic and equilibrium life history strategists were found to adapt either to the pulsing environments of the Zambezi and Kavango rivers, or to the more stable environment of the Kwando River, and large bodied, long lived periodic strategists such as C. gariepinus tended to be highly plastic and able to thrive in most conditions. Data also suggested that Zambezi River food web structure and fish mortality rates have been impacted by overfishing, for which more information is needed to conserve and manage this system. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2018
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Taylor, Geraldine Claire
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Fishes Ecology Zambia Zambezi District , Floodplain ecology Zambia Zambezi District , Stable isotopes , Fishes Food Zambia Zambezi District , Fishes Mortality Zambia Zambezi District , Fish populations Zambia Zambezi District , Fishes Growth
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/65055 , vital:28660 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/65055
- Description: The Upper Zambezi, Kavango and Kwando rivers are three periodically interlinked floodplain rivers which share the same Upper Zambezian floodplain ichthyofauna. The aim of this thesis was to compare the biology and ecology of the fish communities in these three rivers. The objective was to test the hypothesis that fish community composition and assemblage structure, fish diets, food web structure and trophic dynamics, fish growth rates and total mortality are influenced by the differing flood magnitudes of the three rivers, in support of the flood pulse concept. To understand the abiotic characteristics of each river, water temperature, flood regime, total dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations and water quality parameters were measured and compared between rivers. Water temperatures varied seasonally, and seven day moving averages peaked above 30 °C in January, and fell to between 16 and 19 °C in June. The Zambezi River had the largest flood (6.14 m), followed by the Kavango River (3.80 m), while the Kwando River had the smallest flood (0.65 m). Total dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations were low in the Kavango and Zambezi Rivers (0.2 - 0.6 mg/l), and slightly higher in the Kwando River (<1 mg/l). Conductivity, total dissolved solids and total dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations decreased with the flood (dilution effect). Using biomass catch per unit effort data from experimental gillnets, fish community composition and assemblage structure was described, and differed between rivers in all hydrological seasons. In the Zambezi and Kavango rivers, fish assemblages varied with hydrological season as a result of the homogenising influence of the flood pulse, while in the Kwando River fish assemblages did not differ seasonally as flood pulses were small and often irregular. Differences in community composition were attributed to the abundance of Hydrocynus vittatus, a large bodied open water predator, in the Zambezi and Kavango rivers, and its relative absence in the Kwando River. Based on the results of the community composition, six focus species were chosen that were abundant and representative of the various feeding modes and life history strategies of the fish community. These were the striped robber Brycinus lateralis, sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus, blunttooth catfish Clarias ngamensis, African pike Hepsetus cuvieri, silver catfish Schilbe intermedius and purpleface largemouth Serranochromis macrocephalus. Stomach contents analysis was then used to compare the feeding ecology of the six example species between rivers. Clarias gariepinus, C. ngamensis and S. intermedius were piscivorous in the Zambezi and Kavango rivers, and preyed upon more invertebrates in the Kwando River, while Hepsetus cuvieri and S. macrocephalus were piscivorous in all three rivers. Differences in diets were attributed to seasonal prey abundance, with prey fishes abundant during falling and low water when the Zambezi and Kavango rivers were sampled, while invertebrates were abundant during rising and high water when the Kwando River was sampled. Prey mastication by B. lateralis made prey identification difficult. For other predators, the usefulness of stomach contents analysis for dietary descriptions was restricted by the high proportion of empty stomachs. As a result, whole ecosystem stable isotope analysis was used to gain a holistic understanding of the food web structure and fish feeding ecology of the three rivers. The Zambezi and Kavango river food webs were supported by C enriched resources such as C4 and C3 riparian vegetation from the floodplain, while the Kwando River food web was based on C depleted resources such as filamentous algae and aquatic macrophytes. The Zambezi River food web had a restricted nitrogen range, with reduced food chain length and the predators in this river did not occupy such elevated trophic positions compared to in the Kavango and Kwando river food webs. This was attributed to the overfishing of the primary and tertiary consumers in the Zambezi River, a phenomenon known to reduce food chain length. Focussing on predator communities, in the Zambezi and Kavango rivers, H. vittatus isotopic niche width was large and overlapped significantly with most other predators, while in the Kwando River predator niches were more distinct. This supported previously proposed hypotheses by describing H. vittatus as a dominant predator which excludes all other fishes by predation or competition. Despite the dominance of H. vittatus, C. gariepinus occupied the position of top predator in all three rivers, and information on the habitat use, feeding habits and trophic niches of the serranochromine cichlids added understanding of their ecology. Lastly, age was determined using sectioned sagittal otoliths for C. gariepinus, C. ngamensis, S. intermedius and S. macrocephalus and using whole asteriscus otoliths for B. lateralis and H. cuvieri, and growth was modelled using the von Bertalanffy growth equation. Growth performance was high in the Zambezi and Kavango rivers, and lower in the Kwando River, most likely in response to the varying flood magnitudes. Total mortality rates, estimated using Hoenig’s maximum-age based equation, were high in the Zambezi River as a result of the high fishing pressure on this river. Overall floodplain fish ecology in the Zambezi, Kavango and Kwando rivers was influenced by the flood pulse, as was predicted by the flood pulse concept. Periodic and equilibrium life history strategists were found to adapt either to the pulsing environments of the Zambezi and Kavango rivers, or to the more stable environment of the Kwando River, and large bodied, long lived periodic strategists such as C. gariepinus tended to be highly plastic and able to thrive in most conditions. Data also suggested that Zambezi River food web structure and fish mortality rates have been impacted by overfishing, for which more information is needed to conserve and manage this system. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 2018
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
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