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Cattle manure, scalping and soil wetness effects on some physical properties of a hardsetting soil and associated early maize growth

  • Authors: Nciizah, Adornis Dakarai
  • Date: 2011
  • Subjects: Soil formation , Crops and soils , Manures , Soil mechanics , Soil moisture , Soil stabilization , Soil penetration test
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Crop Science)
  • Identifier: vital:11861 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/349 , Soil formation , Crops and soils , Manures , Soil mechanics , Soil moisture , Soil stabilization , Soil penetration test
  • Description: Most soils in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa are shallow and are low in organic matter. Therefore these soils are structurally fragile and highly susceptible to inherent degradative processes like hardsetting. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cattle manure, scalping and soil wetness on aggregate stability, penetration resistance and early maize growth in hardsetting soils. Glasshouse and field studies were conducted to determine the effect of cattle manure on aggregate stability and penetration resistance of freshly exposed topsoils by scalping at 0, 10 and 20 cm depths. In the glasshouse cattle manure was applied at 0 and 20 Mg/ha and matric suction was kept at ~ 30 and ~ 400 kPa; contrasting high and low soil wetness. Three soils were put in pots and arranged in a randomized complete block 3 2 2 factorial design. The field study was done at the University of Fort Hare research farm and the treatments were arranged in a split-plot complete randomized design with three replications. Scalping treatment was the main plot whilst the quantity of the cattle manure applied was the sub plot. Cattle manure increased mean weight diameter (MWD) by between 48% and 71% under glasshouse and between 18% and 33% under field conditions, depending on the soil wetting rate. Cattle manure reduced MWD when the soil under field condition was subjected to mechanical shaking. Soil penetration resistance decreased linearly, with increasing soil wetness but it rapidly increased with increase in matric suction up to ~200 kPa and thereafter the rate of increase reduced. In the glasshouse, all treatments had no significant effects on shoot dry weight but low matric suction increased root dry weight by 133%. Interaction of cattle manure and low matric suction reduced shoot length by 6%, shoot fresh weight by 25%, root surface area by 36%, root length by 5% and root fresh weight by 29% compared to the control. In contrast, application of cattle manure and high matric suction increased shoot length by 37%, shoot fresh weight by 136%, root surface area by 159%, root length by 94% and root fresh weight by 119%. In the field, cattle manure application increased root length density and shoot dry matter by 26% and 30% respectively. Cattle manure improved the stability of aggregates of the hardsetting soil under rapid or slow water intake conditions experienced during rainfall or irrigation. However, under field conditions cattle manure acted as a deflocculant and decreased the stability of aggregates when mechanical stress was applied. The effectiveness of cattle manure in improving maize growth in hardsetting soils was determined by matric suction.
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  • Date Issued: 2011

Improving sanitization and fertiliser value of dairy manure and waste paper mixtures enriched with rock phosphate through combined thermophilic composting and vermicomposting

  • Authors: Mupondi, Lushian Tapiwa
  • Date: 2010
  • Subjects: Compost , Vermicomposting , Manures , Biodegradation , Waste paper -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Thermophilic bacteria , Fertilizers
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Soil Science)
  • Identifier: vital:11961 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/411 , Compost , Vermicomposting , Manures , Biodegradation , Waste paper -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Thermophilic bacteria , Fertilizers
  • Description: Thermophilic composting (TC) and vermicomposting (V) are the two most common methods used for biological stabilization of solid organic wastes. Both have their advantages and disadvantages but the proposed method of combining composting and vermicomposting (CV) borrows pertinent attributes from each of the two methods and combines them to enhance overall process and product qualities. Dairy manure and waste paper are two wastes produced in large quantities at the University of Fort Hare. The study was carried out to address the following specific objectives, to determine (i) the effectiveness of combined thermophilic composting and vermicomposting on the biodegradation and sanitization of mixtures of dairy manure and paper waste, (ii) an optimum precomposting period for dairy manure paper waste mixtures that results in vermicomposts of good nutritional quality and whose use will not jeopardize human health, (iii) the effectiveness of phosphate rock (PR) in increasing available P and degradation and nutrient content of dairy manure-paper vermicomposts, (iv) the physicochemical properties of vermicompost substituted pine bark compost and performance of resultant growing medium on plant growth and nutrient uptake. Results of this study revealed that wastes with a C: N ratio of 30 were more suitable for both V and CV as their composts were more stabilized and with higher nutrient contents than composts made from wastes with a C: N ratio of 45. Both V and CV were effective methods for the biodegradation of dairy manure and paper waste mixtures with C: N ratio of 30 but the latter was more effective in the biodegradation of waste mixtures with a C: N ratio of 45. The combinination of composting and vermicomposting eliminated the indicator pathogen E. coli 0157 from the final composts whereas V only managed to reduce the pathogen population. iv A follow up study was done to determine the effects of precomposting on pathogen numbers so as to come up with a suitable precomposting period to use when combine composting dairy manure-waste paper mixtures. Results of this study showed that over 95% of fecal coliforms, E. coli and of E. coli 0157 were eliminated from the wastes within one week of precomposting and total elimination of these and protozoan (oo)cysts achieved after 3 weeks of precomposting. The vermicomposts pathogen content was related to the waste’s precomposting period. Final vermicomposts pathogen content was reduced and varied according to precomposting period. Vermicomposts from wastes precomposted for over two weeks were less stabilized, less humified and had less nutrient contents compared to vermicomposts from wastes that were precomposted for one week or less. The findings suggest that a precomposting period of one week is ideal for the effective vermicomposting of dairy manure-waste paper mixtures. Results of the P enrichment study indicated an increase in the inorganic phosphate and a reduction in the organic phosphate fractions of dairy manure-waste paper vermicompost that were enriched with PR. This implied an increase in mineralization of organic matter and or solubilization of PR with vermicomposting time. Applying PR to dairy manure-waste paper mixtures also enhanced degradation and had increased N and P contents of dairy manure-waste paper vermicomposts. Earthworms accumulated heavy metals in their bodies and reduced heavy metal contents of vermicomposts. A study to determine the physicochemical properties of vermicompost substituted pine bark compost and performance of resultant growing medium on plant growth and nutrient uptake was done. Results obtained revealed that increasing proportions of dairy manure vermicomposts in pine bark compost improved tomato plant height, stem girth, shoot and root dry weights. v Tomatoes grew best in the 40 to 60% CV substituted pine bark and application of Horticote (7:2:1 (22)) fertilizer significantly increased plant growth in all media. Progressive substitution pine bark with dairy manure vermicomposts resulted in a decrease in the percentage total porosity, percentage air space whilst bulk density, water holding capacity, particle density, pH, electrical conductivity and N and P levels increased. Precomposting wastes not only reduced and or eliminated pathogens but also improved the stabilisation and nutrient content of dairy manure waste paper mixtures. The application of PR to dairy manure waste paper mixtures improved the chemical and physical properties of vermicomposts. Earthworms bio-accumulated the heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn whilst the contents of these in the vermicomposts declined. It is, therefore, recommended that dairy manure waste paper mixtures be precomposted for one week for sanitization followed by PR application and vermicomposting for stabilization and improved nutrients contents of resultant vermicomposts. Substitution of pine bark compost with 40 to 60 % PR-enriched vermicompost produced a growing medium with superior physical and chemical properties which supported good seedling growth. However, for optimum seedling growth, supplementation with mineral fertilizer was found to be necessary.
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  • Date Issued: 2010

Manure production and nutrient management in pasture-based dairy production systems

  • Authors: Svinurai, Walter
  • Date: 2010
  • Subjects: Manures , Nitrogen -- Metabolism , Aloe -- South Africa , Pine bark , Pastures , Dairy cattle -- Nutrition , Dairy cattle -- Management , Dairy cattle -- Feeding and feeds
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Animal Science)
  • Identifier: vital:11812 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/475 , Manures , Nitrogen -- Metabolism , Aloe -- South Africa , Pine bark , Pastures , Dairy cattle -- Nutrition , Dairy cattle -- Management , Dairy cattle -- Feeding and feeds
  • Description: Manure production and nutrient management in pasture-based dairy production systems by Walter Svinurai The effect of dietary treatments on nutrient excretion was determined and an attempt to improving the retention of excreted nitrogen in stored manure using Aloe ferox leaf gel (AFLG) and pine bark was conducted at a pasture-based dairy farm. The animal mass-balance method was used to determine nutrient excretion by cows fed on three dietary treatments, Lolium perrene-based treatment (LP), Lolium multiforium-based treatment (LM) and Lolium perenne- Trifolium repens -based treatment (LTF). In separate experiments, slurry from dairy cows fed LM was amended with AFLG and pine bark at concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/l and stored under anaerobic conditions for 16 days. The highest and lowest excretions of N, P and K were observed in LM and LP treatments, respectively. Increasing dietary N improved K and N retention in milk and, consequently increased milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and N excretion (P < 0.05). The concentrations of AFLG affected N and P retention in manure (P < 0.05). The highest retention in total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) of the initial was 42% AFLG at 25g/l inclusion rate. Ammonium nitrogen (AMN) concentration increased significantly due to the interactive effect of AFLG inclusion rate and time. Pine bark powder significantly improved N and P retention in manure at all concentrations. The retention in TKN was higher (P < 0.05) at 25g/l pine bark powder than other concentrations. The interaction effect of inclusion rate and time increased iii AMN (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments significantly affected nutrient excretion, and AFLG and pine bark considerably improved N retention in stored slurry. Findings from the filed trial suggest the need for more attention on managing dietary nutrients in the post-rainy and cool-dry season when growth of pasture influenced choice of dietary treatments that led to high nutrient excretion. Field simulation of the additives to determine their efficacy and environmental hazards was recommended.
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  • Date Issued: 2010

Effects of sheep kraal manure and intercropping with maize on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of a vegetable Amaranthus accession in the central region of the Eastern Cape, South Africa

  • Authors: Mhlontlo, Simphiwe
  • Date: 2008
  • Subjects: Intercropping , Amaranths , Traditional farming , Manures
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Crop Science)
  • Identifier: vital:11864 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/76 , Intercropping , Amaranths , Traditional farming , Manures
  • Description: Amaranthus is among the nutritious indigenous plant species that are gathered from the wild in the Eastern Cape to prepare a traditional meal known as ‘imifino’ or ‘isigwampa’ to supplement the necessary proteins, vitamins and minerals which are poor in maizebased meals. Amaranthus species are adapted to wild conditions unsuitable for exotic vegetables and could be cultivated but information on its fertility requirements, as sole or intercrop, is the key for its domestication and production as a leafy vegetable, particularly where manure is used. Two dry-land and one glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effects of sheep kraal manure application rate, intercropping with maize and soil type on growth, fresh and dry matter yields, nutrient uptake and grain yield of a local Amaranthus accession that grows wild in the Eastern Cape. Sheep kraal manure rates ranging from 0 to 10 t ha-1 and an NPK {2:3:4(30) + 0.5% Zn} fertilizer as a positive control, applied at rates recommended for spinach, were tested. In the Gqumahashe experiment, where Amaranthus was grown as a sole crop, low manure rates (≤ 2.5 t ha-1) resulted in plant heights and fresh matter yields which were comparable to those in the unfertilized control, whereas higher rates (5 and 10 t ha-1) and recommended NPK fertilizer had higher levels both at 30 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) at p < 0.05. At 30 DAT, manure application rates of ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 and the NPK fertilizer treatment, produced greater shoot dry-matter yields (29.35, 30.75 and 37.68 g plant-1) than the unfertilized control (17.11 g plant-1) at p < 0.05. Uptake of N and P in the leaves increased with increase in manure application rate with N uptake reaching a maximum (308 mg plant-1) at a manure rate of 2.5 t ha-1 which corresponded with the maximum dry matter yield. There was no effect of manure rate or fertilizer on residual soil N and Ca, whereas P, K, Mg and Zn increased. In a pot experiment with soils from Ntselamanzi and Gqumahashe Villages, manure rates ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 resulted in plant heights and fresh matter yield that compared well with the NPK fertilizer treatment in the Gqumahashe soil whereas only the 10 t ha-1 manure treatment was comparable to the NPK fertilizer treatment in the Ntselamanzi soil. Only treatments with ≥ 5 t ha-1 manure had stem girth (1.00 and 1.07 cm) that compared well to NPK fertilizer (1.03 cm) in the Ntselamanzi soil whereas in the Gqumahashe soil, all manure levels compared well to NPK fertilizer (1.02 cm). However, no significant difference was observed in plant height and stem girth and fresh matter due to soil type. In both soils, the 1.3-10 t ha-1 manure treatments had dry leaf weight comparable to plants fertilized with NPK fertilizer (3.72 g plant-1 for the Ntselamanzi soil and 3.65 g plant-1 for the Gqumahashe soil) and were bigger than the unfertilized control (2.2 g plant-1 for the Ntselamanzi soil and 1.38 g plant-1 for the Gqumahashe soil) at p < 0.05. Uptake of N, P and K increased as result of manure application but nonetheless, it was less when compared to plants fertilized with NPK fertilizer in both soils. In a field intercropping experiment carried out at Ntselamanzi, growth and yield of sole and intercropped Amaranthus plants grown with manure improved when compared to the unfertilized control and compared well to NPK fertilizer. At 30 days after transplanting (DAT), both sole and intercropped plants grown with ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 manure had fresh and dry matter yield comparable to plants fertilized with NPK fertilizer. At 60 DAT, intercropped plants grown with all manure levels had bigger fresh matter yield when compared to unfertilized control (836.0 g plant-1) whereas for sole cropped plants only those grown with ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 compared to NPK fertilizer (1467.7 g plant-1) at p < 0.05. Uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg increased with increase in manure application in both sole and intercropped Amaranthus. Whereas Amaranthus did not suffer from the competition in the intercrop, maize biomass and grain yield were severely reduced with the effects being evident after 60 DAT. Based on results of this study, it is therefore suggested that, if Amaranthus is to be intercropped with maize under dry land conditions of the Central Region of the Eastern Cape, sheep manure should at least be applied at rate of ≥ 2.5 t ha-1 and Amaranthus be harvested at 30 DAT.
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  • Date Issued: 2008

The effects of goat kraal manure, sewage sludge and effective microorganisms on the composting of pine bark and the nutritional value of the composts

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