The estimation and power of alternative discretionary accruals models
- Gbadeho, Adedeji Daniel, Adekunle, Ahmed Oluwatobi, Akande, Joseph Oluwafeni
- Authors: Gbadeho, Adedeji Daniel , Adekunle, Ahmed Oluwatobi , Akande, Joseph Oluwafeni
- Date: 2023
- Subjects: Earnings management , Discretionary accruals , Jones model , Working capital accruals
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13119 , vital:77947 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.31098/jgrcs.v3i1.1197
- Description: Discretionary accruals remain decade’s long measures to detect earnings management in empirical accounting research. The correctness of the specifications and test power of the information content for the models remains unexplored based on samples of most emerging market firms. Yet, country’s-based researchers have increasingly used different Jones-based discretionary accruals to proxy earnings management. The paper aims to evaluate four discretionary accruals models and to decide the most appropriate one for the detection of earnings management. For the aim, we apply regression methods to estimate and evaluate four Jones-type discretionary accruals models – simple Jones, modified Jones, extended Jones cash flow model and working capital accruals – based on evidence of a final sample of 1,852 firm-year of 102 firms in Nigeria during 2001–2020. The results disclose that all models are well-specified such that the likelihood of Type I errors is minimum and below the significance level of 5%. In order to demonstrate the power of the test, the simulations completed identify that the modified Jones model exhibits the highest power capability. The implication of this finding is that the modified Jones model is the most appropriate model to detect earnings management based on the Nigerian sample.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Gbadeho, Adedeji Daniel , Adekunle, Ahmed Oluwatobi , Akande, Joseph Oluwafeni
- Date: 2023
- Subjects: Earnings management , Discretionary accruals , Jones model , Working capital accruals
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13119 , vital:77947 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.31098/jgrcs.v3i1.1197
- Description: Discretionary accruals remain decade’s long measures to detect earnings management in empirical accounting research. The correctness of the specifications and test power of the information content for the models remains unexplored based on samples of most emerging market firms. Yet, country’s-based researchers have increasingly used different Jones-based discretionary accruals to proxy earnings management. The paper aims to evaluate four discretionary accruals models and to decide the most appropriate one for the detection of earnings management. For the aim, we apply regression methods to estimate and evaluate four Jones-type discretionary accruals models – simple Jones, modified Jones, extended Jones cash flow model and working capital accruals – based on evidence of a final sample of 1,852 firm-year of 102 firms in Nigeria during 2001–2020. The results disclose that all models are well-specified such that the likelihood of Type I errors is minimum and below the significance level of 5%. In order to demonstrate the power of the test, the simulations completed identify that the modified Jones model exhibits the highest power capability. The implication of this finding is that the modified Jones model is the most appropriate model to detect earnings management based on the Nigerian sample.
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Treatment Outcomes and Associated Factors among Tuberculosis Patients from Selected Rural Eastern Cape Hospitals: An Ambidirectional Study
- Faye, M Lindiwe, Hosu, C Mojisola, Iruedo, Joshua, Nokoyo, A Kolisa, Tsuro, Urgent, Apalata, Teke
- Authors: Faye, M Lindiwe , Hosu, C Mojisola , Iruedo, Joshua , Nokoyo, A Kolisa , Tsuro, Urgent , Apalata, Teke
- Date: 2023
- Subjects: Treatment outcomes , DR-TB, MDR-TB, TB-HIV , Co-infection , Treatment success rate
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13637 , vital:78967 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8060315
- Description: An essential metric for determining the efficacy of tuberculosis (TB) control programs is the evaluation of TB treatment outcomes; this study was conducted to investigate treatment outcomes and associated factors among tuberculosis patients in rural areas of Eastern Cape, South Africa. Assessing treatment outcomes is fundamental to facilitating the End TB Strategy’s set target. Clinic records from 457 patients with DR-TB were examined for data collection while 101 patients were followed up prospectively. Data were analyzed using Stata version 17.0. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated to check the association between variables. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of the 427 participants, 65.8% had successful treatment whilst 34.2% had unsuccessful TB treatment. A total of 61.2% and 39% of the HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants had a successful TB treatment whilst 66% and 34% of both HIV-negative and positive participants had unsuccessful TB treatment. From the 101 patients that were followed up, smokers took longer to have treatment outcomes compared to non-smokers. In the study with HIV/TB co-infection, men predominated. HIV and tuberculosis co-infection made therapy difficult with unfavorable effects on TB management. The treatment success rate (65.8%) was lower than the WHO threshold standard with a high proportion of patients being lost to the follow up. The co-infection of tuberculosis and HIV resulted in undesirable treatment outcomes. Strengthening TB surveillance and control is recommended.
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- Authors: Faye, M Lindiwe , Hosu, C Mojisola , Iruedo, Joshua , Nokoyo, A Kolisa , Tsuro, Urgent , Apalata, Teke
- Date: 2023
- Subjects: Treatment outcomes , DR-TB, MDR-TB, TB-HIV , Co-infection , Treatment success rate
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13637 , vital:78967 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8060315
- Description: An essential metric for determining the efficacy of tuberculosis (TB) control programs is the evaluation of TB treatment outcomes; this study was conducted to investigate treatment outcomes and associated factors among tuberculosis patients in rural areas of Eastern Cape, South Africa. Assessing treatment outcomes is fundamental to facilitating the End TB Strategy’s set target. Clinic records from 457 patients with DR-TB were examined for data collection while 101 patients were followed up prospectively. Data were analyzed using Stata version 17.0. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated to check the association between variables. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of the 427 participants, 65.8% had successful treatment whilst 34.2% had unsuccessful TB treatment. A total of 61.2% and 39% of the HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants had a successful TB treatment whilst 66% and 34% of both HIV-negative and positive participants had unsuccessful TB treatment. From the 101 patients that were followed up, smokers took longer to have treatment outcomes compared to non-smokers. In the study with HIV/TB co-infection, men predominated. HIV and tuberculosis co-infection made therapy difficult with unfavorable effects on TB management. The treatment success rate (65.8%) was lower than the WHO threshold standard with a high proportion of patients being lost to the follow up. The co-infection of tuberculosis and HIV resulted in undesirable treatment outcomes. Strengthening TB surveillance and control is recommended.
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Tuberculosis management and referral practices among traditional medicine practitioners in Lagos, Nigeria
- Adepoju, Abiola Victor, Oladimeji, Olanrewwaju, Sibiya, Nokuthula Maureen, Inegbeboh, Jude, Egesemba, Ginika
- Authors: Adepoju, Abiola Victor , Oladimeji, Olanrewwaju , Sibiya, Nokuthula Maureen , Inegbeboh, Jude , Egesemba, Ginika
- Date: 2023
- Subjects: Traditional birth attendant , Traditional healers , Tuberculosis , Traditional medicine board
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13368 , vital:78661 , DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.1480
- Description: Introduction: Despite the potential role of Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) and Traditional Healers (THs), little is known about their knowledge of tuberculosis (TB) management and refer ral practices in Nigeria. Objective: To determine knowledge and self-reported prac tices of traditional birth attendants and traditional healers in man aging TB in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 120 THs and TBAs in three high TB burden Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Lagos, Nigeria. Data were collected between April 2018 to September 2018 through interviewer-administered questionnaires. We used Statistical Package for Social Sciences software for data analyses…
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- Authors: Adepoju, Abiola Victor , Oladimeji, Olanrewwaju , Sibiya, Nokuthula Maureen , Inegbeboh, Jude , Egesemba, Ginika
- Date: 2023
- Subjects: Traditional birth attendant , Traditional healers , Tuberculosis , Traditional medicine board
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13368 , vital:78661 , DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.1480
- Description: Introduction: Despite the potential role of Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) and Traditional Healers (THs), little is known about their knowledge of tuberculosis (TB) management and refer ral practices in Nigeria. Objective: To determine knowledge and self-reported prac tices of traditional birth attendants and traditional healers in man aging TB in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 120 THs and TBAs in three high TB burden Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Lagos, Nigeria. Data were collected between April 2018 to September 2018 through interviewer-administered questionnaires. We used Statistical Package for Social Sciences software for data analyses…
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A Cross-Sectional Study of Coronavirus Disease Prevention Practices among University Staff and Students in Durban, South Africa in 2020–2021
- Sibiya, Maureen Nokuthula, Oladimeji, Kelech Elizabeth, Anyiam, Felix Emeka, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju
- Authors: Sibiya, Maureen Nokuthula , Oladimeji, Kelech Elizabeth , Anyiam, Felix Emeka , Oladimeji, Olanrewaju
- Date: 2023/01
- Subjects: Covid-19 prevention , Practices , University staff and students , Durban University of South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13228 , vital:78107 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/idr15010009
- Description: Background: Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on individuals, education, and the economy. During its peak, the pandemic forced school closures. Although there is currently no cure for corona virus, non-pharmaceutical measures can help prevent its spread. Among these preventive measures are regular handwashing with soap and water or the use of hand sanitizers, avoiding touching the mouth, nose, and eyes, social distancing, and the use of face masks. As a result, this study investigated COVID-19 prevention practices among Durban University of Technology staff and students in South Africa. Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, data were gathered online via self-administered, structured questionnaires from 5849 university students and staff members between May 2020 and March 2021. Utilizing descriptive statistics, the characteristics of the study sample were reported. Using logistic regression models, the relationship between demographic characteristics and the overall level of COVID-19 preventive practices was evaluated. Results: The multivariate logistic regression model showed statistically significantly associations for COVID-19 preventive practices by: male (AOR: 9.815, 95% CI: 1.721–55.959, p = 0.01) compared to female participants, single participants (AOR: 6.012, 95% CI: 2.070–17.461, p = 0.001) compared to other marital categories, and those in the faculty of Health Sciences (AOR: 1.721, 95% CI: 1.023–2.894, p = 0.041) compared to other faculties. Conclusions: Overall, the study’s preventive practices were commendable; they were also influenced by socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, and university faculty. Increasing age was associated with reduced compliance with COVID-19 preventive practices. In addition, men demonstrated greater caution than women.
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- Authors: Sibiya, Maureen Nokuthula , Oladimeji, Kelech Elizabeth , Anyiam, Felix Emeka , Oladimeji, Olanrewaju
- Date: 2023/01
- Subjects: Covid-19 prevention , Practices , University staff and students , Durban University of South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13228 , vital:78107 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/idr15010009
- Description: Background: Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on individuals, education, and the economy. During its peak, the pandemic forced school closures. Although there is currently no cure for corona virus, non-pharmaceutical measures can help prevent its spread. Among these preventive measures are regular handwashing with soap and water or the use of hand sanitizers, avoiding touching the mouth, nose, and eyes, social distancing, and the use of face masks. As a result, this study investigated COVID-19 prevention practices among Durban University of Technology staff and students in South Africa. Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, data were gathered online via self-administered, structured questionnaires from 5849 university students and staff members between May 2020 and March 2021. Utilizing descriptive statistics, the characteristics of the study sample were reported. Using logistic regression models, the relationship between demographic characteristics and the overall level of COVID-19 preventive practices was evaluated. Results: The multivariate logistic regression model showed statistically significantly associations for COVID-19 preventive practices by: male (AOR: 9.815, 95% CI: 1.721–55.959, p = 0.01) compared to female participants, single participants (AOR: 6.012, 95% CI: 2.070–17.461, p = 0.001) compared to other marital categories, and those in the faculty of Health Sciences (AOR: 1.721, 95% CI: 1.023–2.894, p = 0.041) compared to other faculties. Conclusions: Overall, the study’s preventive practices were commendable; they were also influenced by socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, and university faculty. Increasing age was associated with reduced compliance with COVID-19 preventive practices. In addition, men demonstrated greater caution than women.
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A Cross-Sectional Study of Professional Nurses’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Organ Donation in Critical Care Units of Public and Private Hospitals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Green, Bukelwa, Mtise, Tobeka, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju
- Authors: Green, Bukelwa , Mtise, Tobeka , Oladimeji, Olanrewaju
- Date: 2023/01
- Subjects: Organ donation , Transplantation , Knowledge , Attitudes , Practice , Professional nurses , Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13242 , vital:78114 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep13010024
- Description: Background: Globally, there is an overwhelming increase in the number of patients waiting for donated organs for transplantation, with a gross shortage of available organs. Lack of clear practice guidelines and the knowledge and attitudes of health care providers were hypothesized as possible reasons. We aimed to determine the attitudes, level of knowledge, and practices of professional nurses working in critical care units in public and private hospitals in Eastern Cape Province regarding organ donation. Method: The study used a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive design to investigate the current knowledge, attitude, and practice of organ donation in critical care among 108 professional nurses working in public and private critical care units in Eastern cape. Data were collected between 26 February 2017 until 27 June 2017 using anonymous, self-administered, pretested questionnaires. The means of knowledge, and practice scores were estimated among participants, and their associated categorical explanatory variables were ascertained. Results: A total of 108 nurses participated in the study. Of these, 94 (87.0%) were female, 78 (72.2%) were black, 104 (96.3%) were Christians, 79 (73.2%) worked in an ICU, 79 (73.2%) had a diploma qualification, and 67 (62.0%) worked in a tertiary hospital. About 67% of the respondents had good knowledge, 53% had a positive attitude, and 50.4% had poor practice readiness toward organ donation...
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- Authors: Green, Bukelwa , Mtise, Tobeka , Oladimeji, Olanrewaju
- Date: 2023/01
- Subjects: Organ donation , Transplantation , Knowledge , Attitudes , Practice , Professional nurses , Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13242 , vital:78114 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep13010024
- Description: Background: Globally, there is an overwhelming increase in the number of patients waiting for donated organs for transplantation, with a gross shortage of available organs. Lack of clear practice guidelines and the knowledge and attitudes of health care providers were hypothesized as possible reasons. We aimed to determine the attitudes, level of knowledge, and practices of professional nurses working in critical care units in public and private hospitals in Eastern Cape Province regarding organ donation. Method: The study used a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive design to investigate the current knowledge, attitude, and practice of organ donation in critical care among 108 professional nurses working in public and private critical care units in Eastern cape. Data were collected between 26 February 2017 until 27 June 2017 using anonymous, self-administered, pretested questionnaires. The means of knowledge, and practice scores were estimated among participants, and their associated categorical explanatory variables were ascertained. Results: A total of 108 nurses participated in the study. Of these, 94 (87.0%) were female, 78 (72.2%) were black, 104 (96.3%) were Christians, 79 (73.2%) worked in an ICU, 79 (73.2%) had a diploma qualification, and 67 (62.0%) worked in a tertiary hospital. About 67% of the respondents had good knowledge, 53% had a positive attitude, and 50.4% had poor practice readiness toward organ donation...
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Combustion synthesis of nanocrystalline Ba1.3Ca0.7SiO4 semiconductors using urea as an energy efficient fuel
- Golja, Desta R, Dejene, Francis B
- Authors: Golja, Desta R , Dejene, Francis B
- Date: 2023/01
- Subjects: Silicate , Urea , Metal oxide , Photoluminescence , Solution combustion synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13179 , vital:78007 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11020048
- Description: The τ-phase Ba1.3Ca0.7SiO4 alkaline earth silicate powders were synthesized using the solution combustion technique. For this purpose, metal nitrate–urea mixtures were used as anoxidant and a fuel. Urea’s main function was to help lower the nominal combustion temperature (~550 ◦C) of the mixtures through exothermic reactions, leading to a relatively mild post-annealing temperature (~750 ◦C). If the urea concentration increased, the interconnected silicate particle size decreased with nanoscale crystallite (average, 33 ± 3 nm), affecting optical properties. Finally, the photoluminescence spectra suggested that the light emission was through trap sites, because the emitted blue and green lights (2.6 and 2.3 eV, respectively) were smaller than the bandgap (~3.2 eV) of the Ba1.3Ca0.7SiO4 semiconductor.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Golja, Desta R , Dejene, Francis B
- Date: 2023/01
- Subjects: Silicate , Urea , Metal oxide , Photoluminescence , Solution combustion synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13179 , vital:78007 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11020048
- Description: The τ-phase Ba1.3Ca0.7SiO4 alkaline earth silicate powders were synthesized using the solution combustion technique. For this purpose, metal nitrate–urea mixtures were used as anoxidant and a fuel. Urea’s main function was to help lower the nominal combustion temperature (~550 ◦C) of the mixtures through exothermic reactions, leading to a relatively mild post-annealing temperature (~750 ◦C). If the urea concentration increased, the interconnected silicate particle size decreased with nanoscale crystallite (average, 33 ± 3 nm), affecting optical properties. Finally, the photoluminescence spectra suggested that the light emission was through trap sites, because the emitted blue and green lights (2.6 and 2.3 eV, respectively) were smaller than the bandgap (~3.2 eV) of the Ba1.3Ca0.7SiO4 semiconductor.
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Exploring challenges that hinder the effective rendering of formal education programmes at four correctional centresin South Africa
- Authors: Mafilika, Mandisi
- Date: 2023-01
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/11109 , vital:75919
- Description: The study was conducted in the Eastern Cape Region and specifically in the Mthatha Management Area in a correctional services setting. The Eastern Cape is one of the most under-developed provinces of South Africa. The researcher was alarmed by the persistent dropout rate of offender learners, low engagement of offenders in education and training programmes as well as the diminishing zeal of prison educators to perform well in their area of delivery. The study used a qualitative research approach wherein a case study design was chosen. Six correctional services educators, eight learners, six security officials and four managers from four centres were purposively selected. The study used behaviourist theory as a theoretical lens; Behaviourism is also known as behavioural psychology for its potential to change both the social behaviours of offenders engaged in programmes and security officials’ perspective towards prison education and redeems educators’ self-esteem that will augment their enthusiasm to deliver on their area of specialisation. Data were collected through interviews and observation. The findings of the study indicate that the government has simply not rectified the imbalances of the past by rebuilding prisons to accommodate rehabilitative needs. This is one of the causes of the challenges experienced by prison educators. With a general shortage of educators, the ones employed are overloaded with work that goes beyond tuition and school administrative duties. The study revealed that an unconducive teaching and learning environment was characterized by the absence of classrooms for tuition, with cells and open courtyards being used, a severe shortage of educators, a lack of relevant teacher training as well as a lack of much-needed support from management. The researcher recommends that the Department of Correctional Services should put more effort into improving the conditions for education in correctional centres in historically-disadvantaged areas, recognise the education of offenders as a human right and employ and train more educators for a very unique correctional services setting in order to help rehabilitate offenders and prevent recidivism. vi KEY WORDS Prison educator, Recidivism, Reintegration, Illiteracy, Learner Offender, Rehabilitation, Incarceration, Courtyard, Custodial Official, Dropout, Hindrances, Training. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Education, 2023
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- Authors: Mafilika, Mandisi
- Date: 2023-01
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/11109 , vital:75919
- Description: The study was conducted in the Eastern Cape Region and specifically in the Mthatha Management Area in a correctional services setting. The Eastern Cape is one of the most under-developed provinces of South Africa. The researcher was alarmed by the persistent dropout rate of offender learners, low engagement of offenders in education and training programmes as well as the diminishing zeal of prison educators to perform well in their area of delivery. The study used a qualitative research approach wherein a case study design was chosen. Six correctional services educators, eight learners, six security officials and four managers from four centres were purposively selected. The study used behaviourist theory as a theoretical lens; Behaviourism is also known as behavioural psychology for its potential to change both the social behaviours of offenders engaged in programmes and security officials’ perspective towards prison education and redeems educators’ self-esteem that will augment their enthusiasm to deliver on their area of specialisation. Data were collected through interviews and observation. The findings of the study indicate that the government has simply not rectified the imbalances of the past by rebuilding prisons to accommodate rehabilitative needs. This is one of the causes of the challenges experienced by prison educators. With a general shortage of educators, the ones employed are overloaded with work that goes beyond tuition and school administrative duties. The study revealed that an unconducive teaching and learning environment was characterized by the absence of classrooms for tuition, with cells and open courtyards being used, a severe shortage of educators, a lack of relevant teacher training as well as a lack of much-needed support from management. The researcher recommends that the Department of Correctional Services should put more effort into improving the conditions for education in correctional centres in historically-disadvantaged areas, recognise the education of offenders as a human right and employ and train more educators for a very unique correctional services setting in order to help rehabilitate offenders and prevent recidivism. vi KEY WORDS Prison educator, Recidivism, Reintegration, Illiteracy, Learner Offender, Rehabilitation, Incarceration, Courtyard, Custodial Official, Dropout, Hindrances, Training. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Education, 2023
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Knowledge on Cervical Cancer Services and Associated Risk Factors by Health Workers in the Eastern Cape Province
- Ncane, Ziphelele, Faleni, Monwabisi, Pulido-Estrada, Guillermo, Apalata, R Teke, Mabunda, A Sikhumbuzo, Chitha, Wezile, Nomatshila, Cyprin Sibusiso
- Authors: Ncane, Ziphelele , Faleni, Monwabisi , Pulido-Estrada, Guillermo , Apalata, R Teke , Mabunda, A Sikhumbuzo , Chitha, Wezile , Nomatshila, Cyprin Sibusiso
- Date: 2023/01
- Subjects: Cervical cancer , Pap smear , Screening , Risk facotors , Knowledge
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13566 , vital:78953 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030325
- Description: Globally, cancer is a leading cause of death, with cervical cancer ranking second among all cancers. Its adversity impacts not only individuals but also families, societies, and governments. The quality of services, as informed by the knowledge and adequacy of the health workers, plays an important role in both prevention, diagnosis, and management of the disease. A cross-sectional study among 108 purposively selected health workers in rural health facilities in the Eastern Cape province was conducted to assess knowledge on cervical cancer and associated risk factors through the use of validated structured questionnaires. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for analysis, with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of 0.05 considered significant. A total of 91.7% of the 108 participants were female, and 25% were over the age of 50. A total of 88% and 85.2% indicated sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus as major risk factors, respectively. The HPV, pap smear, and vaccination age were known by 64.8%, and vaccine availability was known by 71.3%. Only 40.7% of workers were trained on cervical screening, and 35.2% were trained on the interpretation of pap smear results. An overall knowledge score of 53% was obtained, with more experienced clinicians scoring lower grades. This study identified inadequacies in essential knowledge for successful implementation of cervical cancer services and found that extensive training was needed.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Ncane, Ziphelele , Faleni, Monwabisi , Pulido-Estrada, Guillermo , Apalata, R Teke , Mabunda, A Sikhumbuzo , Chitha, Wezile , Nomatshila, Cyprin Sibusiso
- Date: 2023/01
- Subjects: Cervical cancer , Pap smear , Screening , Risk facotors , Knowledge
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13566 , vital:78953 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030325
- Description: Globally, cancer is a leading cause of death, with cervical cancer ranking second among all cancers. Its adversity impacts not only individuals but also families, societies, and governments. The quality of services, as informed by the knowledge and adequacy of the health workers, plays an important role in both prevention, diagnosis, and management of the disease. A cross-sectional study among 108 purposively selected health workers in rural health facilities in the Eastern Cape province was conducted to assess knowledge on cervical cancer and associated risk factors through the use of validated structured questionnaires. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for analysis, with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of 0.05 considered significant. A total of 91.7% of the 108 participants were female, and 25% were over the age of 50. A total of 88% and 85.2% indicated sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus as major risk factors, respectively. The HPV, pap smear, and vaccination age were known by 64.8%, and vaccine availability was known by 71.3%. Only 40.7% of workers were trained on cervical screening, and 35.2% were trained on the interpretation of pap smear results. An overall knowledge score of 53% was obtained, with more experienced clinicians scoring lower grades. This study identified inadequacies in essential knowledge for successful implementation of cervical cancer services and found that extensive training was needed.
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Prevalence and Causes of Elective Surgical Cancellations: Findings from a Rural Tertiary Hospital in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Sukwana, Abongile, Mrara, Busisiwe, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju
- Authors: Sukwana, Abongile , Mrara, Busisiwe , Oladimeji, Olanrewaju
- Date: 2023/01
- Subjects: prevalence , cancellation , elective surgical procedure , rural tertiary hospital
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13271 , vital:78418 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020270
- Description: Background: Cancellations of elective surgeries adversely affect the patient, hospital staff, facility, and health system. Cancellations potentially result in hospital financial losses, theatre inefficiency, and substandard patient care. A common benchmark for the cancellation rate of elective surgeries is less than five percent, and most operating rooms fall short of this standard. There is a paucity of data on the rates and causes of elective surgical cancellations in rural, resource-limited settings. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of elective surgery cancellations, the causes for such cancellations, and the surgical disciplines most affected at Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital (NMAH). Methodology: This was an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional review of operating theatre records from January 2019 to July 2019. The prevalence and main causes of elective case cancellations were determined. The causes were classified, and the most affected surgical departments and patient characteristics were identified. Results: The prevalence of elective surgical case cancellations was 14.4% in our hospital, higher than the international benchmark of 5%. Patient-, facility-, and surgical-related factors were the leading causes of cancellations, and avoidable cancellations were mostly surgical- and anaesthetic-related. Ophthalmology was the most affected, followed by gynaecology and general surgery, with plastic surgery being the least affected. The most common patient-related factors were nonattendance and uncontrolled medical conditions, while overbooking was the most common surgical reason. Abnormal investigatory results and unfit status were the most common anaesthetic reasons. Facility-related issues included the lack of theatre time, equipment scarcity or malfunction, and staff unavailability. Most cancellations were unavoidable, but with careful planning, could be avoided. Conclusion and recommendations: This study identified challenges with theatre efficiency in a rural, resource-limited setting that call for the cooperation of multidisciplinary teams of surgeons, anaesthetists, nursing staff, and health care policymakers.
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- Authors: Sukwana, Abongile , Mrara, Busisiwe , Oladimeji, Olanrewaju
- Date: 2023/01
- Subjects: prevalence , cancellation , elective surgical procedure , rural tertiary hospital
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13271 , vital:78418 , DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020270
- Description: Background: Cancellations of elective surgeries adversely affect the patient, hospital staff, facility, and health system. Cancellations potentially result in hospital financial losses, theatre inefficiency, and substandard patient care. A common benchmark for the cancellation rate of elective surgeries is less than five percent, and most operating rooms fall short of this standard. There is a paucity of data on the rates and causes of elective surgical cancellations in rural, resource-limited settings. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of elective surgery cancellations, the causes for such cancellations, and the surgical disciplines most affected at Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital (NMAH). Methodology: This was an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional review of operating theatre records from January 2019 to July 2019. The prevalence and main causes of elective case cancellations were determined. The causes were classified, and the most affected surgical departments and patient characteristics were identified. Results: The prevalence of elective surgical case cancellations was 14.4% in our hospital, higher than the international benchmark of 5%. Patient-, facility-, and surgical-related factors were the leading causes of cancellations, and avoidable cancellations were mostly surgical- and anaesthetic-related. Ophthalmology was the most affected, followed by gynaecology and general surgery, with plastic surgery being the least affected. The most common patient-related factors were nonattendance and uncontrolled medical conditions, while overbooking was the most common surgical reason. Abnormal investigatory results and unfit status were the most common anaesthetic reasons. Facility-related issues included the lack of theatre time, equipment scarcity or malfunction, and staff unavailability. Most cancellations were unavoidable, but with careful planning, could be avoided. Conclusion and recommendations: This study identified challenges with theatre efficiency in a rural, resource-limited setting that call for the cooperation of multidisciplinary teams of surgeons, anaesthetists, nursing staff, and health care policymakers.
- Full Text:
A single centre study evaluating adherence to methotrexate monitoringguidelinesin patients with rheumatoid arthritis
- Authors: Genevieve, Olivier
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9690 , vital:74612
- Description: Introduction: Methotrexate (MTX) is considered a first-line agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and regular blood test monitoring is advised in treatment guidelines to identify potential toxicity. Failure to adhere to monitoring guidelines for methotrexate use may compromise patient care. Identifying and correcting variability in care may optimise the safe use of this medication and improve patient outcomes. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate adherence to guidelines on methotrexate safety monitoring in rheumatoid arthritis patients at an Eastern Cape hospital and to establish whether a dedicated rheumatology outpatient department (OPD) performs this task more effectively than a general medical outpatient department (MOPD). Method: This retrospective cross-sectional single-centre study was conducted at Frere Hospital in the Eastern Cape over one year from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019. Adult patients over the age of 18 years who received methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis during the study period and attended either the rheumatology OPD or the MOPD at Frere Hospital were included in the study population. Permission to undertake this study was obtained through the Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics and Bio-safety Committee at Walter Sisulu University and the Cecilia Makiwane and Frere Hospitals Research and Ethics Committee. The random sample generator tool on Microsoft Excel was used to select patients from the Frere Hospital Pharmacy Database who was prescribed methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Laboratory test results were accessed through the Labtrak system of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS). The number and type of blood test done as recommended in a South African Methotrexate use guideline by Hodkinson et al, was documented on a data collecting sheet. Two or more blood tests done within a three-to six month period was considered adherent to the guideline. The hospital management system version two (HMS2) was used to see which clinic the patient attended. iii Results: There was 53% adherence (95% Confidence Interval 42-65%) overall to guideline. In the study sample, 64% of patients were from Rheumatology OPD and the remainder were from MOPD. There was 78% (95% CI 62-89%) adherence in the Rheumatology OPD compared to 22% (95% CI 11-38%) in MOPD. No significant association was found between the number of FBC tests and the site of testing (p-value = 0.346) or for Creatinine tests (p-value = 0.078). However, a significant association was found with ALT tests and the site of testing (MOPD or rheumatology OPD) with p-value = 0.010, although this is likely a chance finding. Conclusion: Adherence to a South African guideline for methotrexate safety monitoring was found to be suboptimal at the study centre. Adherence was better in the dedicated Rheumatology OPD compared to a general medical OPD. Education regarding the correct use of guidelines in different health settings by medical professionals is advised. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2023
- Full Text:
- Authors: Genevieve, Olivier
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9690 , vital:74612
- Description: Introduction: Methotrexate (MTX) is considered a first-line agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and regular blood test monitoring is advised in treatment guidelines to identify potential toxicity. Failure to adhere to monitoring guidelines for methotrexate use may compromise patient care. Identifying and correcting variability in care may optimise the safe use of this medication and improve patient outcomes. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate adherence to guidelines on methotrexate safety monitoring in rheumatoid arthritis patients at an Eastern Cape hospital and to establish whether a dedicated rheumatology outpatient department (OPD) performs this task more effectively than a general medical outpatient department (MOPD). Method: This retrospective cross-sectional single-centre study was conducted at Frere Hospital in the Eastern Cape over one year from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019. Adult patients over the age of 18 years who received methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis during the study period and attended either the rheumatology OPD or the MOPD at Frere Hospital were included in the study population. Permission to undertake this study was obtained through the Faculty of Health Sciences Research Ethics and Bio-safety Committee at Walter Sisulu University and the Cecilia Makiwane and Frere Hospitals Research and Ethics Committee. The random sample generator tool on Microsoft Excel was used to select patients from the Frere Hospital Pharmacy Database who was prescribed methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Laboratory test results were accessed through the Labtrak system of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS). The number and type of blood test done as recommended in a South African Methotrexate use guideline by Hodkinson et al, was documented on a data collecting sheet. Two or more blood tests done within a three-to six month period was considered adherent to the guideline. The hospital management system version two (HMS2) was used to see which clinic the patient attended. iii Results: There was 53% adherence (95% Confidence Interval 42-65%) overall to guideline. In the study sample, 64% of patients were from Rheumatology OPD and the remainder were from MOPD. There was 78% (95% CI 62-89%) adherence in the Rheumatology OPD compared to 22% (95% CI 11-38%) in MOPD. No significant association was found between the number of FBC tests and the site of testing (p-value = 0.346) or for Creatinine tests (p-value = 0.078). However, a significant association was found with ALT tests and the site of testing (MOPD or rheumatology OPD) with p-value = 0.010, although this is likely a chance finding. Conclusion: Adherence to a South African guideline for methotrexate safety monitoring was found to be suboptimal at the study centre. Adherence was better in the dedicated Rheumatology OPD compared to a general medical OPD. Education regarding the correct use of guidelines in different health settings by medical professionals is advised. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2023
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An audit of patients with new onset stroke and associated barriers to thrombolysis of hyperacute strokesat a tertiary level hospital in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Pasio, Roswyn Claire
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9891 , vital:74639
- Description: Globally and in South Africa stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In 2006, the Joint World Congress of Stroke declared stroke a ‘catastrophic illness’ in South Africa. This declaration aims to focus the attention of policymakers on the impact of stroke and engage with them to intervene. Local stroke data is needed to make informed and relevant policy changes. Data is also required to start multi-level initiatives regarding stroke prevention and care. This study aims to analyse the demographic profile of stroke and assess the quality of stroke care using time-based performance measures at Livingstone Tertiary Hospital in the Eastern Cape. Methodology The study is a descriptive, retrospective chart review of patients presenting with an acute stroke to Livingstone Tertiary Hospital Emergency Department over a 12 month period. Demographic data, stroke risk factors, patient comorbidities and mode of transport were collated and analysed. Time parameters were used to ascertain delays within the stroke care pathway of patients and factors precluding patients from thrombolysis were identified. Results The study included 403 eligible patients, 54% of the patients of whom were female. The majority of those were of Mixed-race ethnicity (49%) and aged between 50 and 79 years. Hypertension (71%) was the most common comorbidity followed by smoking (31%) and diabetes mellitus (24%). The median time from onset of symptoms to presentation to hospital was 12 hours 23 minutes (I.Q 20hrs 34min). The average time from arrival to being III seen by a doctor was 1 hour 57 minutes (I.Q 1hr 59min) and the time from arrival to radiological imaging was 17 hours 6 minutes (I.Q. 8hrs 28min). 375 patients had radiological imaging, 58% (n=217) had evidence of an ischaemic stroke compared to 21% (n=80) who had signs of an intracranial haemorrhage. Of the study cohort, 99 (25%) of all stroke patients presented within the 4.5hr thrombolytic window, 68 (32%) of which were ischaemic strokes. However, in-hospital time delays precluded 35% of these patients from thrombolysis. A further 33% of patients had other contraindications to thrombolysis and 32% were not offered thrombolysis based on the clinical discretion of the doctor. Conclusion This study highlights the burden of stroke within Port Elizabeth, located in the Western Region of the Eastern Cape. Risk factor modification and disease control is imperative in reducing the prevalence and impact of stroke. The major precluding factor in stroke patients not being offered thrombolysis is a delay in arrival to hospital. Public education and awareness initiatives need to focus on addressing this issue. The clinical discretion of the treating physician significantly influences the decision to thrombolyse patients with an acute stroke. In-service training can address physicians’ perceptions regarding the benefits of thrombolysis as a treatment option. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences in brach of emergency medicine, 2023
- Full Text:
- Authors: Pasio, Roswyn Claire
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9891 , vital:74639
- Description: Globally and in South Africa stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In 2006, the Joint World Congress of Stroke declared stroke a ‘catastrophic illness’ in South Africa. This declaration aims to focus the attention of policymakers on the impact of stroke and engage with them to intervene. Local stroke data is needed to make informed and relevant policy changes. Data is also required to start multi-level initiatives regarding stroke prevention and care. This study aims to analyse the demographic profile of stroke and assess the quality of stroke care using time-based performance measures at Livingstone Tertiary Hospital in the Eastern Cape. Methodology The study is a descriptive, retrospective chart review of patients presenting with an acute stroke to Livingstone Tertiary Hospital Emergency Department over a 12 month period. Demographic data, stroke risk factors, patient comorbidities and mode of transport were collated and analysed. Time parameters were used to ascertain delays within the stroke care pathway of patients and factors precluding patients from thrombolysis were identified. Results The study included 403 eligible patients, 54% of the patients of whom were female. The majority of those were of Mixed-race ethnicity (49%) and aged between 50 and 79 years. Hypertension (71%) was the most common comorbidity followed by smoking (31%) and diabetes mellitus (24%). The median time from onset of symptoms to presentation to hospital was 12 hours 23 minutes (I.Q 20hrs 34min). The average time from arrival to being III seen by a doctor was 1 hour 57 minutes (I.Q 1hr 59min) and the time from arrival to radiological imaging was 17 hours 6 minutes (I.Q. 8hrs 28min). 375 patients had radiological imaging, 58% (n=217) had evidence of an ischaemic stroke compared to 21% (n=80) who had signs of an intracranial haemorrhage. Of the study cohort, 99 (25%) of all stroke patients presented within the 4.5hr thrombolytic window, 68 (32%) of which were ischaemic strokes. However, in-hospital time delays precluded 35% of these patients from thrombolysis. A further 33% of patients had other contraindications to thrombolysis and 32% were not offered thrombolysis based on the clinical discretion of the doctor. Conclusion This study highlights the burden of stroke within Port Elizabeth, located in the Western Region of the Eastern Cape. Risk factor modification and disease control is imperative in reducing the prevalence and impact of stroke. The major precluding factor in stroke patients not being offered thrombolysis is a delay in arrival to hospital. Public education and awareness initiatives need to focus on addressing this issue. The clinical discretion of the treating physician significantly influences the decision to thrombolyse patients with an acute stroke. In-service training can address physicians’ perceptions regarding the benefits of thrombolysis as a treatment option. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences in brach of emergency medicine, 2023
- Full Text:
Appraising the sustainability of groud water quantity and quality
- Authors: Mkosana, Kululwa
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Geography
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9398 , vital:73516
- Description: South Africa is a semi-arid region that suffers from water scarcity. With a changing climate, incidents such as droughts and human migration will exacerbate the water scarcity already experienced. Thus, the assessment of groundwater quality and quantity is a major step toward ensuring a viable sustainable water argumentation for general use and to serve as one of the most basic needs of human beings. Hence, this study appraises the sustainability of groundwater resource availability and assesses its water quality at the King Sabatha Dalindyebo Local Municipality within the Mthatha River Catchment (MRC). The objectives were to: i) examine the extent of groundwater potential in the area ii) investigate the determinant factors that characterized the groundwater and surface water interaction and assess the impacts of climatic variables on yield iii) compare the physico-chemical and microbial concentration samples collected at different boreholes in the MRC with respect to South African and World Health Organization (WHO) standards and iv) develop the temporal variation trend in modeling the groundwater quality parameters. Using a systematic sampling method, a preliminary survey was carried out to identify the location and selection of the appropriate boreholes’ representation. Thereafter, reconnaissance map and characterisation of the 10 selected borehole's location was made to spatially represent the sites. The water samples were made thrice per site (totally 30 samples). The collected samples were transported to Talbot and Talbot Laboratory, where they were analysed for their physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters using established procedures. Other parameters such as depth of hole, water level, borehole yield, abstraction rate, the screen length, drawdown, morphometry, geological, land-use variables, were generated after rigorous geographical information system (GIS) analysis in QGIS environment and Excel in achieving the study aims. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used for the estimation of the groundwater flow or baseflow drawing strength from the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer flow (Ksat) (mm/day), sub-basin divide for the groundwater system to the main channel Lgw (m), and the water table height (m). Thereafter, the principal iv component analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and correlation analysis were used to assess the controlling factors for the spatial variation of recharge in the watershed characteristics and assess the impacts of climatic variables on groundwater yield. The simulated results revealed a mean monthly water yield range of 2.7-14.8 m3/s for groundwater over the study years (2000-2019). The development of temporal variation trend modeling of the physico-chemical composition of the groundwater varied from one borehole to another despite their proximity, thus, making it difficult to generalise the water quality parameters fluctuation. The water quality results showed that the majority of the variables are not within acceptable standards. Ammonia and total coliform levels depict a range between 1.5 mg/l minimum to 10 mg/l maximum with to 1000 counts/mL for total coliform. Also, there was no clear relationship between the location of the boreholes and the borehole yield among the selected samples. However, there was a significant difference between the borehole yield and the risk description matrix for the various water quality parameters. Most of the borehole water quality depicts a non-health aesthetic, acute health, and disinfectant status for the area. Keywords: Water scarcity, groundwater, seasonal variability, aquifer scale , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Natural Sciences, 2023
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mkosana, Kululwa
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Geography
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9398 , vital:73516
- Description: South Africa is a semi-arid region that suffers from water scarcity. With a changing climate, incidents such as droughts and human migration will exacerbate the water scarcity already experienced. Thus, the assessment of groundwater quality and quantity is a major step toward ensuring a viable sustainable water argumentation for general use and to serve as one of the most basic needs of human beings. Hence, this study appraises the sustainability of groundwater resource availability and assesses its water quality at the King Sabatha Dalindyebo Local Municipality within the Mthatha River Catchment (MRC). The objectives were to: i) examine the extent of groundwater potential in the area ii) investigate the determinant factors that characterized the groundwater and surface water interaction and assess the impacts of climatic variables on yield iii) compare the physico-chemical and microbial concentration samples collected at different boreholes in the MRC with respect to South African and World Health Organization (WHO) standards and iv) develop the temporal variation trend in modeling the groundwater quality parameters. Using a systematic sampling method, a preliminary survey was carried out to identify the location and selection of the appropriate boreholes’ representation. Thereafter, reconnaissance map and characterisation of the 10 selected borehole's location was made to spatially represent the sites. The water samples were made thrice per site (totally 30 samples). The collected samples were transported to Talbot and Talbot Laboratory, where they were analysed for their physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters using established procedures. Other parameters such as depth of hole, water level, borehole yield, abstraction rate, the screen length, drawdown, morphometry, geological, land-use variables, were generated after rigorous geographical information system (GIS) analysis in QGIS environment and Excel in achieving the study aims. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used for the estimation of the groundwater flow or baseflow drawing strength from the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer flow (Ksat) (mm/day), sub-basin divide for the groundwater system to the main channel Lgw (m), and the water table height (m). Thereafter, the principal iv component analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and correlation analysis were used to assess the controlling factors for the spatial variation of recharge in the watershed characteristics and assess the impacts of climatic variables on groundwater yield. The simulated results revealed a mean monthly water yield range of 2.7-14.8 m3/s for groundwater over the study years (2000-2019). The development of temporal variation trend modeling of the physico-chemical composition of the groundwater varied from one borehole to another despite their proximity, thus, making it difficult to generalise the water quality parameters fluctuation. The water quality results showed that the majority of the variables are not within acceptable standards. Ammonia and total coliform levels depict a range between 1.5 mg/l minimum to 10 mg/l maximum with to 1000 counts/mL for total coliform. Also, there was no clear relationship between the location of the boreholes and the borehole yield among the selected samples. However, there was a significant difference between the borehole yield and the risk description matrix for the various water quality parameters. Most of the borehole water quality depicts a non-health aesthetic, acute health, and disinfectant status for the area. Keywords: Water scarcity, groundwater, seasonal variability, aquifer scale , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Natural Sciences, 2023
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Arterial stiffness in pregnant women with preeclampsia and HIV infection at Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital
- Authors: Flatela, Mlungisi
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9832 , vital:74631
- Description: Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2023
- Full Text:
- Authors: Flatela, Mlungisi
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9832 , vital:74631
- Description: Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2023
- Full Text:
Attitudes and barriers towards HIV testing services among males aged between 15-49 years at Mzamomhle Township: Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality
- Authors: Mantashe, Zintle
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Public Health
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9753 , vital:74617
- Description: This study delves into the attitudes and obstacles surrounding HIV Testing Services (HTS) among males aged 15 to 49 in Mzamomhle Township, Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa. HIV/AIDS prevalence remains a significant concern, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Employing a mixed-methods approach with questionnaires and interviews, data was gathered from 106 participants. The findings highlight a range of challenges that impede the accessibility of HTS. These challenges include stigma, concerns about privacy, fears related to testing, limited knowledge, and negative attitudes of staff towards HTS. Despite these challenges, the study reveals that participants generally hold positive attitudes towards HTS. However, there are doubts regarding the efficacy of testing in preventing the transmission of HIV. Privacy concerns emerge prominently, with participants fearing that their status might be disclosed. Stigma also acts as a barrier, as individuals fear potential embarrassment if their status becomes known. To address these issues, several recommendations are proposed. These include the establishment of robust support systems, educational campaigns to empower individuals with knowledge about HTS benefits, and community initiatives to combat negative attitudes towards testing. Furthermore, enhancing healthcare worker training and raising political awareness can contribute to creating a more favourable environment for HTS utilisation. By implementing these recommendations, South Africa can work towards dismantling the barriers that hinder HIV testing and promoting a proactive culture of health-seeking behaviour among men. This effort is essential for reducing HIV transmission rates and achieving global health targets. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2023
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mantashe, Zintle
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Public Health
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9753 , vital:74617
- Description: This study delves into the attitudes and obstacles surrounding HIV Testing Services (HTS) among males aged 15 to 49 in Mzamomhle Township, Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa. HIV/AIDS prevalence remains a significant concern, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Employing a mixed-methods approach with questionnaires and interviews, data was gathered from 106 participants. The findings highlight a range of challenges that impede the accessibility of HTS. These challenges include stigma, concerns about privacy, fears related to testing, limited knowledge, and negative attitudes of staff towards HTS. Despite these challenges, the study reveals that participants generally hold positive attitudes towards HTS. However, there are doubts regarding the efficacy of testing in preventing the transmission of HIV. Privacy concerns emerge prominently, with participants fearing that their status might be disclosed. Stigma also acts as a barrier, as individuals fear potential embarrassment if their status becomes known. To address these issues, several recommendations are proposed. These include the establishment of robust support systems, educational campaigns to empower individuals with knowledge about HTS benefits, and community initiatives to combat negative attitudes towards testing. Furthermore, enhancing healthcare worker training and raising political awareness can contribute to creating a more favourable environment for HTS utilisation. By implementing these recommendations, South Africa can work towards dismantling the barriers that hinder HIV testing and promoting a proactive culture of health-seeking behaviour among men. This effort is essential for reducing HIV transmission rates and achieving global health targets. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2023
- Full Text:
Critical analysis of the role played by izidlalo zabafazi in amaXhosa women’s psycho-socio health
- Authors: Wayise, Siphenkosi
- Date: 2023-00
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10913 , vital:75665
- Description: African tribes have found that traditional songs are one of the most crucial factors in fostering cohesion, solidarity and communication between physical and non-physical entities as well as knowledge of culture and cultural activities. Traditional women's songs, or izidlalo zabafazi, are amongst the most potent tools utilized by the AmaXhosa tribe. Women mostly use these songs to communicate their emotions about various situations. Before Westernization had an impact, women used izidlalo zabafazi to talk about and deal with terrible times and challenging circumstances, such as verbal, emotional, physical and all other forms of abuse experienced by them. This indicates that these songs were especially important in providing a platform for women to express themselves by singing, acting and reacting to their many struggles. Since women today also experience many difficulties, particularly those that have an emotional impact on them, this prompted the researcher to investigate whether the significance of these songs can be exposed as a traditional platform where women can express themselves about their marital matters and be viewed as traditional therapeutic systems to be used by AmaXhosa women even in our day and age. The study employs two theoretical frameworks to accomplish this investigation: the psychoanalytic theory, which examines the psychological effects of izidlalo zabafazi on amaXhosa women; and the African feminism theory, which emphasizes the equalization of power and authority between the sexes and asserts that women should not be subservient to men and that they have a voice, even in patriarchal societies. Using a textual analysis approach, a selection of songs from various available sources, including books, papers, YouTube, tik-tok and Facebook, have been examined. Their therapeutic effect has unraveled the influence on the psychological well-being of women. The study indicates that it is highly effective in promoting mental recuperation, especially for adherents of izidlalo zabafazi. This has led to the notion that izidlalo zabafazi have an impact on the psychological well-being of amaXhosa women. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Law, Humanities and Social Science, 2023
- Full Text:
- Authors: Wayise, Siphenkosi
- Date: 2023-00
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10913 , vital:75665
- Description: African tribes have found that traditional songs are one of the most crucial factors in fostering cohesion, solidarity and communication between physical and non-physical entities as well as knowledge of culture and cultural activities. Traditional women's songs, or izidlalo zabafazi, are amongst the most potent tools utilized by the AmaXhosa tribe. Women mostly use these songs to communicate their emotions about various situations. Before Westernization had an impact, women used izidlalo zabafazi to talk about and deal with terrible times and challenging circumstances, such as verbal, emotional, physical and all other forms of abuse experienced by them. This indicates that these songs were especially important in providing a platform for women to express themselves by singing, acting and reacting to their many struggles. Since women today also experience many difficulties, particularly those that have an emotional impact on them, this prompted the researcher to investigate whether the significance of these songs can be exposed as a traditional platform where women can express themselves about their marital matters and be viewed as traditional therapeutic systems to be used by AmaXhosa women even in our day and age. The study employs two theoretical frameworks to accomplish this investigation: the psychoanalytic theory, which examines the psychological effects of izidlalo zabafazi on amaXhosa women; and the African feminism theory, which emphasizes the equalization of power and authority between the sexes and asserts that women should not be subservient to men and that they have a voice, even in patriarchal societies. Using a textual analysis approach, a selection of songs from various available sources, including books, papers, YouTube, tik-tok and Facebook, have been examined. Their therapeutic effect has unraveled the influence on the psychological well-being of women. The study indicates that it is highly effective in promoting mental recuperation, especially for adherents of izidlalo zabafazi. This has led to the notion that izidlalo zabafazi have an impact on the psychological well-being of amaXhosa women. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Law, Humanities and Social Science, 2023
- Full Text:
Effects of the timing of initiation of maternal anti-retroviral therapy, cd4 count and viral load on birth out comes in South Africa
- Authors: Siqithi, Sisanda
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9849 , vital:74633
- Description: Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2023
- Full Text:
- Authors: Siqithi, Sisanda
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9849 , vital:74633
- Description: Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2023
- Full Text:
Efffectiveness of using the strategy instructions approach (SIA) in teaching reading comprehension: A stud of selected schools in the Amathole East District
- Authors: Senye-Awudi, Patrick Kwabla
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Direct Marketing
- Language: English
- Type: Strategy instructions approach (SIA) , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10747 , vital:75216
- Description: This study sought to explore the effectiveness of using the strategy instructions approach (SIA) to teaching reading comprehension. This research was necessitated by the fact that most South African children do not perform well when it comes to reading comprehension. Many researchers from the literature, such as Rule (2017) and Pretorius and Klapwijk (2016), revealed that most language teachers, especially English First Additional Language teachers, do not have adequate skills to teach learners reading comprehension effectively. Even though in the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) document, which should serve as the ultimate guide for teaching English, some strategies are clearly spelt out to be used to teach reading comprehension, the teachers do not use them. This study used the SIA, which contains some of those strategies in the CAPS documents to teach the reading comprehension to grade 8 learners in Elliotdale CMC in the Amathole East District of the Eastern Cape of the Republic of South Africa. The study also sought to find out if SIA could develop positive attitudes and autonomy in the learners towards reading comprehension. The constructivist theory of learning and the schema theory of teaching reading comprehension were the two theories that underpinned the study. A control group and an experimental group (sampled from three schools) were used to determine the effectiveness of SIA when compared to the traditional teaching approaches used by teachers to teach reading comprehension. The study revealed that the use of SIA to teach reading comprehension developed positive attitudes and autonomy in reading comprehension. Finally, SIA has become effective to increase the performance of learners in reading comprehension. The study recommends that teachers should be trained in the higher institutions to use SIA to teach reading comprehension and teachers in the field should be developed to learn how to use the strategies to teach reading comprehension. In addition, more hours should be allocated on the school timetables for teaching reading comprehension. Finally, more reading materials, together with more reading activities, should be given to learners in the schools, especially schools in the rural areas. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Education, 2023
- Full Text:
- Authors: Senye-Awudi, Patrick Kwabla
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Direct Marketing
- Language: English
- Type: Strategy instructions approach (SIA) , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10747 , vital:75216
- Description: This study sought to explore the effectiveness of using the strategy instructions approach (SIA) to teaching reading comprehension. This research was necessitated by the fact that most South African children do not perform well when it comes to reading comprehension. Many researchers from the literature, such as Rule (2017) and Pretorius and Klapwijk (2016), revealed that most language teachers, especially English First Additional Language teachers, do not have adequate skills to teach learners reading comprehension effectively. Even though in the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) document, which should serve as the ultimate guide for teaching English, some strategies are clearly spelt out to be used to teach reading comprehension, the teachers do not use them. This study used the SIA, which contains some of those strategies in the CAPS documents to teach the reading comprehension to grade 8 learners in Elliotdale CMC in the Amathole East District of the Eastern Cape of the Republic of South Africa. The study also sought to find out if SIA could develop positive attitudes and autonomy in the learners towards reading comprehension. The constructivist theory of learning and the schema theory of teaching reading comprehension were the two theories that underpinned the study. A control group and an experimental group (sampled from three schools) were used to determine the effectiveness of SIA when compared to the traditional teaching approaches used by teachers to teach reading comprehension. The study revealed that the use of SIA to teach reading comprehension developed positive attitudes and autonomy in reading comprehension. Finally, SIA has become effective to increase the performance of learners in reading comprehension. The study recommends that teachers should be trained in the higher institutions to use SIA to teach reading comprehension and teachers in the field should be developed to learn how to use the strategies to teach reading comprehension. In addition, more hours should be allocated on the school timetables for teaching reading comprehension. Finally, more reading materials, together with more reading activities, should be given to learners in the schools, especially schools in the rural areas. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Education, 2023
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Exploring teachers’ classroom management strategies to enhance teaching and learning in Gauteng Province
- Authors: Mamaila, Dineo
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Education
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10556 , vital:75187
- Description: Classroom management strategies in teaching and learning are still a challenge in most high schools. The study investigates how classroom management strategies can be enhanced towards effective teaching and learning in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The research is lenses within an interpretive paradigm and was conducted using a qualitative approach, and a case study research design was employed. The study employed purposive sampling to select relevant participants from high schools. The participants consisted of twelve teachers from three chosen schools in Gauteng Province in the Ekurhuleni North District. Each school had four teachers as participants, making a total of twelve participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to elicit information from the participants. Content analysis was applied to analyze and evaluate the data from the conducted semi-structured interviews. The findings were as follows: teachers' ineffectiveness affects classroom management, especially when there is a lack of planning, poor time management, and poor relationship between the learners and teachers. It is suggested that teachers need to take charge of knowing what roles to play, such as being the controller, assessor, and organizer in the classroom setting. Recommendations were made to address the implementation of classroom management strategies in the classroom, whereby active teaching and learning need to take place in the schools. Therefore, it is possible for teachers to successfully implement classroom management by always being flexible, such as being able to read the classroom environment, implementing necessary discipline measures without attracting attention to themselves or interrupting the class session, and prioritizing professionalism always. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Education, 2023
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- Authors: Mamaila, Dineo
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Education
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10556 , vital:75187
- Description: Classroom management strategies in teaching and learning are still a challenge in most high schools. The study investigates how classroom management strategies can be enhanced towards effective teaching and learning in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The research is lenses within an interpretive paradigm and was conducted using a qualitative approach, and a case study research design was employed. The study employed purposive sampling to select relevant participants from high schools. The participants consisted of twelve teachers from three chosen schools in Gauteng Province in the Ekurhuleni North District. Each school had four teachers as participants, making a total of twelve participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to elicit information from the participants. Content analysis was applied to analyze and evaluate the data from the conducted semi-structured interviews. The findings were as follows: teachers' ineffectiveness affects classroom management, especially when there is a lack of planning, poor time management, and poor relationship between the learners and teachers. It is suggested that teachers need to take charge of knowing what roles to play, such as being the controller, assessor, and organizer in the classroom setting. Recommendations were made to address the implementation of classroom management strategies in the classroom, whereby active teaching and learning need to take place in the schools. Therefore, it is possible for teachers to successfully implement classroom management by always being flexible, such as being able to read the classroom environment, implementing necessary discipline measures without attracting attention to themselves or interrupting the class session, and prioritizing professionalism always. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Education, 2023
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Health capital and labour productivity in selected Southern African Development Community (SADC) Countries
- Authors: Mafunda, Lihle Andiswa
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Masters of commerce
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10116 , vital:74937
- Description: Health plays a critical role in economic development, as it directly affects productivity and ultimately leads to higher per capita income. Within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, health capital has immense significance for labour productivity, serving as a catalyst for growth. This study investigated the relationship between health capital and labour productivity in selected SADC countries from 2000 to 2020, with the chosen period primarily based on data availability and coverage for the selected countries during this timeframe. To accomplish this, the study employed the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models and techniques, which leverage the advantages of panel data and ARDL models, enabling the analysis of both short-run and long-run relationships, providing a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics between variables over time. The data for the study period was obtained from a single reliable source, The Global Economy, ensuring credibility. The primary finding from the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator indicates a positive and significant relationship between health capital and labour productivity in the short run, suggesting that investments in healthcare can boost productivity. However, contrary to the expected theory and prior assumptions, the long-run findings reveal a negative and significant relationship. This discrepancy highlights the complexity of the health-productivity relationship and necessitates further investigation to comprehend the underlying mechanisms and design effective policy interventions. Policymakers must carefully consider these mixed findings and tailor their strategies accordingly to promote both health and productivity in the long term. It is crucial to strike a balance between immediate gains and sustainable long-term outcomes. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Economics and Financial Sciences, 2023
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- Authors: Mafunda, Lihle Andiswa
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Masters of commerce
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10116 , vital:74937
- Description: Health plays a critical role in economic development, as it directly affects productivity and ultimately leads to higher per capita income. Within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, health capital has immense significance for labour productivity, serving as a catalyst for growth. This study investigated the relationship between health capital and labour productivity in selected SADC countries from 2000 to 2020, with the chosen period primarily based on data availability and coverage for the selected countries during this timeframe. To accomplish this, the study employed the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models and techniques, which leverage the advantages of panel data and ARDL models, enabling the analysis of both short-run and long-run relationships, providing a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics between variables over time. The data for the study period was obtained from a single reliable source, The Global Economy, ensuring credibility. The primary finding from the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator indicates a positive and significant relationship between health capital and labour productivity in the short run, suggesting that investments in healthcare can boost productivity. However, contrary to the expected theory and prior assumptions, the long-run findings reveal a negative and significant relationship. This discrepancy highlights the complexity of the health-productivity relationship and necessitates further investigation to comprehend the underlying mechanisms and design effective policy interventions. Policymakers must carefully consider these mixed findings and tailor their strategies accordingly to promote both health and productivity in the long term. It is crucial to strike a balance between immediate gains and sustainable long-term outcomes. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Economics and Financial Sciences, 2023
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Infuence of green marketing mix on sustainable consumption and customer loyalty in Polokwane, South Africa
- Authors: Chiwenga, Lillian
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Retail Green Marketing
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9948 , vital:74929
- Description: Marketers throughout all industries are investing enormously towards developing and promoting green products and the retail sector is not exempted from this growing trend. The study aimed to investigate the influence of green marketing mix elements (green product, green price, green promotion and green distribution or place) on sustainable consumption and customer loyalty. To achieve the objective, the research study employed a positivist research paradigm anchored by a quantitative approach using descriptive research design. A structured self-administered survey questionnaire was randomly distributed to retail customers of a sample size of 265 respondents. The data was analysed using SPSS for descriptive statistics and Smart PLS for Structural equation modelling. The key findings reveal that all five hypothesised relationships are positive, however, only four are significant. The strongest relationship was found between sustainable consumption and customer loyalty (β=0.432) while the weakest (yet positive) relationship was between green place and sustainable consumption (β=0.078). The study equips the retailers about the key predictors of consumers’ green sustainable consumption behaviour enabling them to tailor their product offerings and formulate marketing strategies to encourage green buying behaviour. The current study can further assists policymakers to ground their discussions when developing regulations that govern how retail industries should promote, price and distribute their green products. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Economics and financial Sciences, 2023
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- Authors: Chiwenga, Lillian
- Date: 2023-00
- Subjects: Retail Green Marketing
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9948 , vital:74929
- Description: Marketers throughout all industries are investing enormously towards developing and promoting green products and the retail sector is not exempted from this growing trend. The study aimed to investigate the influence of green marketing mix elements (green product, green price, green promotion and green distribution or place) on sustainable consumption and customer loyalty. To achieve the objective, the research study employed a positivist research paradigm anchored by a quantitative approach using descriptive research design. A structured self-administered survey questionnaire was randomly distributed to retail customers of a sample size of 265 respondents. The data was analysed using SPSS for descriptive statistics and Smart PLS for Structural equation modelling. The key findings reveal that all five hypothesised relationships are positive, however, only four are significant. The strongest relationship was found between sustainable consumption and customer loyalty (β=0.432) while the weakest (yet positive) relationship was between green place and sustainable consumption (β=0.078). The study equips the retailers about the key predictors of consumers’ green sustainable consumption behaviour enabling them to tailor their product offerings and formulate marketing strategies to encourage green buying behaviour. The current study can further assists policymakers to ground their discussions when developing regulations that govern how retail industries should promote, price and distribute their green products. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Economics and financial Sciences, 2023
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